2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12222S1
    Obeticholic acid-d4-1
    		99.84%
    Obeticholic Acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Obeticholic acid. Obeticholic acid (INT-747) is a potent, selective and orally active FXR agonist with an EC50 of 99 nM. Obeticholic acid has anticholeretic and anti-inflammation effect. Obeticholic acid also induces autophagy.
    Obeticholic acid-d<sub>4</sub>-1
  • HY-B0394S
    Atropine-d5
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    Atropine-d5 is the deuterium labeled Atropine (sulfate monohydrate). Atropine (Tropine tropate) sulfate monohydrate is a broad-spectrum and competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist with anti-myopia effect.
    Atropine-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-108645
    AL 8697
    		99.92%
    AL 8697 is a specific and orally active p38α MAPK inhibitor with an IC50 of 6 nM. AL 8697 displays 14-fold greater inhibition of p38α compared to p38β (IC50=82 nM), and 300-fold selectivity for p38α over a panel of 91 kinases. Anti-inflammatory activity.
    AL 8697
  • HY-B0102AR
    Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Fluoxetine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fluoxetine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fluoxetine hydrochloride (LY 110140) is an antidepressant and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
    Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-123056B
    EAD1 (trihydrochloride)
    		Inhibitor
    EAD1 trihydrochloride is a Chloroquine (HY-17589A) analog with anticancer activity. EAD1 trihydrochloride blocks autophagy, leading to the intracellular accumulation of autophagosome-related proteins LC3-II and p62. EAD1 trihydrochloride induces cancer cell apoptosis and inhibits cancer cell proliferation. EAD1 trihydrochloride can be used in the research of lung cancer and pancreatic cancer.
    EAD1 (trihydrochloride)
  • HY-N0730R
    Diosgenin glucoside (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Diosgenin glucoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diosgenin glucoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diosgenin glucoside, a saponin compound extracted from Trillium tschonoskii, provides neuroprotection by regulating microglial M1 polarization. Diosgenin glucoside protects against spinal cord injury by regulating autophagy and alleviating apoptosis .
    Diosgenin glucoside (Standard)
  • HY-N0451R
    Acacetin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Acacetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Acacetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Acacetin (5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone) is an orally active flavonoid derived from Dendranthema morifolium. Acacetin docks in the ATP binding pocket of PI3Kγ. Acacetin causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Acacetin has potent anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity and has the potential for pain-related diseases research.
    Acacetin (Standard)
  • HY-14603R
    Clioquinol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Clioquinol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Clioquinol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Clioquinol (Iodochlorhydroxyquin) is a topical antifungal agent with anticancer activity. Clioquinol acts as an oral antimicrobial agent for the research of diarrhea and skin infections. Antibiotic.
    Clioquinol (Standard)
  • HY-13683S2
    Mifepristone-d6
    		Inducer 98.21%
    Mifepristone-d6 is deuterated labeled Mifepristone (HY-13683). Mifepristone (RU486) is a progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist with IC50s of 0.2 nM and 2.6 nM in in vitro assay.
    Mifepristone-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0298AS
    Clemastine-d5 fumarate
    		Inducer 99.48%
    Clemastine (HS-592; Meclastine)-d5 fumarate is the deuterium labeled Clemastine fumarate. Clemastine fumarate is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable H1 histamine receptor (H1 histamine receptor) antagonist with potent antiallergic effects. Clemastine fumarate also antagonizes muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR), particularly the M1 and M4 subtypes. In addition to antihistamine effects, Clemastine fumarate exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, especially in promoting central nervous system remyelination, activating autophagy and pyroptosis, exerting anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects, and suppressing inflammation .
    Clemastine-d<sub>5</sub> fumarate
  • HY-10455S
    Carfilzomib-d8
    		Inducer 98.93%
    Carfilzomib-d8 is deuterium labeled Carfilzomib. Carfilzomib (PR-171) is an irreversible proteasome inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM in ANBL-6 and RPMI 8226 cells.
    Carfilzomib-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-162100
    MR-2088
    		Inhibitor 99.50%
    MR-2088 is a reversible, ATP-competitive, and selective ULK1/2 inhibitor with pEC50 values of 8.3 and 8.7 respectively. MR-2088 effectively inhibits autophagic flux and demonstrates a synergistic antiproliferative effect with Trametinib (HY-10999) (MEK inhibitor) in vitro. MR-2088 can be used for non-small lung cell cancer (NSCLC) research.
    MR-2088
  • HY-170935
    SRSF1-IN-1
    		Inducer
    SRSF1-IN-1 is a SRSF1 inhibitor. SRSF1-IN-1 inhibits SRSF1 expression, thereby modulating the splicing of Bcl-x pre-mRNA. SRSF1-IN-1 inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cells. SRSF1-IN-1 induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells, reduces Bcl-xl expression, and upregulates cleaved PARP and caspase 3. SRSF1-IN-1 induces autophagy and promotes cell death. SRSF1-IN-1 exhibits anti-tumor activity in a mouse gastric cancer xenograft model. SRSF1-IN-1 can be used for the research of various cancers including liver cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, glioma, and melanoma.
    SRSF1-IN-1
  • HY-B0008S
    Sulindac-d3
    		Inducer 99.4%
    Sulindac-d3 is deuterium labeled Sulindac. Sulindac (MK-231) is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, acts as a COX-2 inhibitor, and inhibits overexpression of COX-2.
    Sulindac-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-16592R
    Brefeldin A (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Brefeldin A (Standard) (BFA (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Rutin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Brefeldin A (BFA) is a lactone antibiotic and a specific inhibitor of protein trafficking. Brefeldin A blocks the transport of secreted and membrane proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus. Brefeldin A is also an autophagy and mitophagy inhibitor. Brefeldin A inhibits HSV-1 and has anti-cancer activity.
    Brefeldin A (Standard)
  • HY-B0671S
    Vancomycin-d12 TFA
    Vancomycin-d12 TFA is a deuterium labeled Vancomycin (HY-B0671). Vancomycin is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.
    Vancomycin-d<sub>12</sub> TFA
  • HY-N9341
    Norswertianin
    		Inducer 99.58%
    Norswertianin, a xanthone compound, serves as a powerful anti-glioma compound. Norswertianin induces GBM cells differentiation through oxidative stress and Akt/mTOR dependent autophagy.
    Norswertianin
  • HY-156159
    Thalidomide-NH-C9-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Thalidomide-NH-C9-NH2 hydrochloride is the Thalidomide (HY-10984)-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein.Thalidomide-NH-C9-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-NH-C9-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-B0144AS1
    Pitavastatin-d5 sodium
    		99.53%
    Pitavastatin-d5 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Pitavastatin sodium. Pitavastatin (NK-104) is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Anti-cancer activity.
    Pitavastatin-d<sub>5</sub> sodium
  • HY-75124
    (Rac)-AZD 6482
    		Activator 98.51%
    (Rac)-AZD 6482 ((Rac)-KIN-193) is the racemate of AZD 6482. AZD 6482 is a potent and selective p110β inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.69 nM.
    (Rac)-AZD 6482
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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