2. Signalwege
  3. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  4. Endogenous Metabolite
  5. Human Endogenous Metabolite Isoform

Human Endogenous Metabolite

Human endogenous metabolites serve critical roles in maintaining cellular and systemic homeostasis through diverse biochemical pathways[1][2]. These metabolites participate in intercellular communication, modulating signaling cascades such as kinase activation, receptor engagement, and transcriptional regulation[1][3]. For instance, β-hydroxybutyrate functions not only as an energy substrate during fasting or exercise but also as an epigenetic modifier and agonist for G-protein-coupled receptor GPR109A, influencing inflammatory and neuroprotective pathways[4]. Similarly, indoxyl 3-sulfate (I3S), a uremic metabolite, selectively activates the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), regulating genes including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and IL6, and contributes to pathophysiology in renal disease[5][6]. Compared with related isoforms, I3S exhibits approximately 500-fold higher potency in human AHR activation than in mouse, highlighting species-specific isoform distinctions[5]. Other metabolites, such as shikimic acid, inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration through modulation of ERK1/2, AKT, and AMPK pathways, illustrating their functional relevance in cardiovascular research models[2]. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide, generated by CBS and CSE, mediates tissue-specific physiological effects in the genito-urinary system and represents a potential therapeutic target for disorders such as erectile dysfunction and preeclampsia[7]. These findings collectively support the utility of endogenous metabolites as modulators of signaling, disease biomarkers, and candidates for experimental pharmacological studies[1][8][3].

References:

Human Endogenous Metabolite Verwandte Produkte (1395):

Art. -Nr. Produktname Wirkung Reinheit
  • HY-113169
    Estriol 3-glucuronide
    Estriol-3-glucuronide exists in amniotic fluid during normal pregnancy and occurs naturally in urine.
  • HY-CE01152
    3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA
    3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA is a 3-oxo fatty acyl-CoA. 3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA can function as a metabolite in humans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and mice. 3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA is a preferred substrate for thiolytic cleavage by P-44 (type II 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase).
  • HY-P2985A
    Alanine aminotransferase, Human liver
    Alanine aminotransferase, human liver is an enzyme mainly produced in the liver. It is a pyridoxalase that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutamate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. Alanine aminotransferase, human liver is elevated in active anti-HMGCR myopathy. Alanine aminotransferase, human liver can be used in studies related to immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  • HY-182255
    ED-594
    ED-594 is the glucuronide form of NB-506. ED-594 is one of the major metabolites of NB-506 in rat bile, mouse liver microsomes, rat liver microsomes and human liver microsomes.
  • HY-123033D
    Nicotinamide riboside triflate
    Nicotinamide riboside triflate, an orally active NAD+ precursor, increases NAD+ levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3. Nicotinamide riboside triflate is a source of vitamin B3 (niacin) and enhances oxidative metabolism, protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Nicotinamide riboside triflate reduces cognitive deterioration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.
  • HY-101410A
    SDMA (p-hydroxyazobenzene-p′-sulfonate)
    SDMA p-hydroxyazobenzene-p′-sulfonate is the p-hydroxyazobenzene-p′-sulfonate salt form of SDMA (HY-101410). SDMA p-hydroxyazobenzene-p′-sulfonate is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NO synthase) activity. SDMA p-hydroxyazobenzene-p′-sulfonate is an activator for NF-κB, and promotes the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. SDMA p-hydroxyazobenzene-p′-sulfonate is stable in serum and plasma, and can be used as a kidney biomarker of hepatic and renal dysfunction.
  • HY-W013061S
    Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate-d9
    Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate-d9 is deuterium labeled Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate (HY-W013061). Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate is a saturated fat. Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate enhances the lymphatic transport of Glycerol tristearate (HY-127035).
  • HY-W040430A
    (S)-Nornicotine hydrochloride
    (S)-Nornicotine (hydrochloride) is an optically active nornicotine compound, can be used for research of dopamine-related conditions and disease states.
  • HY-W013061S3
    Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate-d5
    Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate-d5 is the deuterium labeled Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate (HY-W013061). Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate is a saturated fat. Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate enhances the lymphatic transport of Glycerol tristearate (HY-127035).
  • HY-104026B
    L-Kynurenine sulfate
    L-Kynurenine sulfate, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist that activates AHR-directed, naive T cell polarization to the anti-inflammatory Treg phenotype.
  • HY-B0747R
    Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (Standard)
    Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (Standard) is the analytical standard of Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester is an omega-3 fatty acid agent.
  • HY-B0809B
    Theophylline sodium acetate
    Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research.
  • HY-Y1055S6
    Guanine-d5
    Guanine-d5 is the deuterium labeled Guanine (HY-Y1055). Guanine is one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Guanine is a purine derivative, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. Guanine has the potential to serve as a large-capacity N pool. Guanine has cytotoxic, antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects.
  • HY-114883
    Homocarnosine
    Homocarnosine is a dipeptide of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine unique to brain. Homocarnosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator synthesized in the neuron from GABA and exhibiting anticonvulsant effects.Homocarnosine has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, prevention of DNA damage, and inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation.
  • HY-N0420A
    Succinic acid tromethamine
    Succinic acid tromethamine is a potent and orally active anxiolytic agent. Succinic acid tromethamine is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid tromethamine can be used as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
  • HY-N8061
    β-Lysine
    β-Lysine is an amino acid. β-Lysine is a fermentation intermediate of lysine.
  • HY-113356
    m-Tyramine
    m-Tyramine is an endogenous trace amine neuromodulator. m-Tyramine has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic receptor[1, 2].
  • HY-181452
    1-Arachidoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PA sodium
    1-Arachidoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PA sodium (LPA 20:0 sodium) (Compound LPA 20:0/lyso) is a lysophospholipid. 1-Arachidoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PA sodium is detectable in urine.
  • HY-N6725R
    Sterigmatocystine (Standard)
    Sterigmatocystine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sterigmatocystine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sterigmatocystine is a precursor of aflatoxins and a mycotoxin produced by common mold strains from Aspergillus versicolor. Sterigmatocystine, a inhibitor of G1 Phase and DNA synthesis, is used to inhibit p21 activity. Sterigmatocystine has teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects in animals.
  • HY-W013049R
    Docosanoic acid (Standard)
    Docosanoic acid (Behenic acid) is a long-chain saturated fatty acid. Docosanoic acid inhibits the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding activity of p53 DNA binding domain, with a Kd of 12 nM. Docosanoic acid has low bioavailability and can increase cholesterol in humans.
Art. -Nr. Produktname / Synonyms Application Reactivity