2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13748R
    Silybin A (Standard)
    Silybin A (Standard) is the analytical standard of Silybin A. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Silybin A (Silibinin A), an effective anti-cancer and chemopreventive agent, has been shown to exert multiple effects on cancer cells, including inhibition of both cell proliferation and migration.
    Silybin A (Standard)
  • HY-101754
    Oxyfenamate
    Oxyfenamate has anti-anxiety actions for use in anxiety neuroses.
    Oxyfenamate
  • HY-U00005
    AD 0261
    		Inhibitor
    AD 0261 is a radical scavenger which displays strong inhibitory action on the generation of lipid peroxides and superoxide anions.
    AD 0261
  • HY-N7697C
    Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride is a small molecular polysaccharide. Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride inhibits the binding of AgW to TLR4. Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride upregulates IL-10, inhibits LPS-induced upregulation of ROS, induces alternative activation of macrophages/monocytes, and suppresses LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride reverses the mortality of mice challenged with APAP or LPS. Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride can be used in research related to Acetaminophen (HY-66005)-induced hepatotoxicity and endotoxemia.
    Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride
  • HY-N2410R
    N-trans-Feruloyltyramine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    N-trans-Feruloyltyramine (Standard) is the analytical standard of N-trans-Feruloyltyramine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. N-trans-Feruloyltyramine (N-feruloyltyramine), an alkaloid, is a potent antioxidant. N-trans-Feruloyltyramine improves H2O2-induced intracellular ROS generation and decreases apoptosis. N-trans-Feruloyltyramine has the potential for oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative conditions and cancer research.
    N-trans-Feruloyltyramine (Standard)
  • HY-117123
    Convulxin
    		Inducer
    Convulxin is a toxin found in a tropical rattlesnake. Convulxin stimulates platelet aggregation, and clusters GPVI to trigger Src family kinase activation, Fc receptor γ chain phosphorylation, and p72SYK signaling. Convulxin interacts with Dectin-2 to induce IL-10 production, activates monocytes to generate ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion, and induces mitochondrial ROS. Convulxin causes transient arterial blood pressure changes in dogs. Convulxin can be used for research related to coagulation.
    Convulxin
  • HY-107355R
    Letosteine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Letosteine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Letosteine (HY-107355). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Letosteine is an orally active, potent and safe expectorant. Letosteine has the effect of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Letosteine dissolves bronchial mucus and reduces respiratory inflammation symptoms, and restores gas exchanges and natural defense mechanisms in the lung. Letosteine can be used for acute or chronic respiratory diseases (such as bronchopneumopathies) research.
    Letosteine (Standard)
  • HY-B1125S
    Glucosamine-13C6
    Glucosamine-13C6 (D-Glucosamine-13C6) is 13C labeled Glucosamine. Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine also is a natural constituent of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage matrix and synovial fluid, which when administered exogenously, exerts pharmacological effects on osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes.
    Glucosamine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N2007R
    Veratric acid (Standard)
    Veratric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Veratric acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Veratric acid (3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid) is an orally active phenolic compound derived from vegetables and fruits, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Veratric acid also acts as a protective agent against hypertension-associated cardiovascular remodelling. Veratric acid reduces upregulated COX-2 expression, and levels of PGE2, IL-6 after UVB irradiation.
    Veratric acid (Standard)
  • HY-N0878R
    Bufotalin (Standard)
    		Activator
    Bufotalin is a steroid lactone isolated from Venenum Bufonis with potently antitumor activities. Bufotalin induces cancer cell apoptosis and also induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation.
    Bufotalin (Standard)
  • HY-N0716
    Berberine
    		Activator
    Berberine (Natural Yellow 18) is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Huanglian, as an antibiotic. Berberine (Natural Yellow 18) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Berberine (Natural Yellow 18) has antineoplastic properties. The sulfate form (HY-N0716B) improves bioavailability.
    Berberine
  • HY-147548
    Keap1-Nrf2-IN-10
    		Inhibitor
    Keap1-Nrf2-IN-10 (compound 15) is a potent NQO1 inducer. Keap1-Nrf2-IN-10 inhibits oxidative stress by decreasing the levels of MDA, ROS, NQO1 in the liver for gamma-irradiated mice. Keap1-Nrf2-IN-10 improves the survival of gamma-irradiated mice.
    Keap1-Nrf2-IN-10
  • HY-105935R
    Keracyanin chloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Keracyanin (chloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Keracyanin (chloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Keracyanin chloride inhibits NF-κB/FAK/MAPK signaling pathway. Keracyanin chloride exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects, and is orally active.
    Keracyanin chloride (Standard)
  • HY-N8857
    Parvifolixanthone A
    		Inhibitor
    Parvifolixanthone A is a xanthone compound that can be isolated from Garcinia parvifolia. Parvifolixanthone A exhibits antioxidant activity with IC50 of submicromolar level (0.18–0.38 μM).
    Parvifolixanthone A
  • HY-B0688S3
    Dapsone-15N2
    Dapsone-15N2 (4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone-15N2) is 15N labeled Dapsone. Dapsone (4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone) is an orally active and blood-brain penetrant sulfonamide antibiotic with bacteriostatic, antimycobacterial and antiprotozoal activities. Dapsone?exerts effective antileprosy activity?and inhibits folate synthesis in cell extracts of?M. leprae. Dapsone is used for dermatologic disorder research, including leprosy, dermatitis herpetiformis, acne vulgaris et al.
    Dapsone-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-N7493R
    N-acetyldopamine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    N-acetyldopamine is a sepiapterin reductase inhibitor. N-acetyldopamine is a catecholamine that is used by insects as sclerotizing precursors to harden their cuticle. N-acetyldopamine can attenuate LPS-stimulated TNF-α production and superoxide production in THP-1 cells.
    N-acetyldopamine (Standard)
  • HY-D3449
    8-(9-Bromoanthracene)-BODIPY 505/515
    8-(9-Bromoanthracene)-BODIPY 505/515 is a fluorescence turn-on probe with selective fluorescence turn-on response towards hydroxyl radical. 8-(9-Bromoanthracene)-BODIPY 505/515 can be used to detect reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). (Ex/Em = 505/515 nm)
    8-(9-Bromoanthracene)-BODIPY 505/515
  • HY-W699318
    1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol
    		Inhibitor
    1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol is a diacylglycerol in which an oleic acid and a palmitic acid are attached to sn-1 and sn-2 position. 1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol enhances the inhibition of superoxide anion production induced by fMLF/cytochalasin B (CB) in human neutrophils. 1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol can be used in research about lipid metabolism, membrane fluidity, or the distribution and function of lipids in cells.
    1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol
  • HY-N1181R
    Tamarixetin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Tamarixetin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tamarixetin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tamarixetin (4'-O-Methyl Quercetin) is an orally active natural flavonoid derivative of quercetin and caseinolytic protease p (ClpP) inhibitor with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects. Tamarixetin inhibits the hydrolytic activity of ClpP to the fluorescent substrate Suc-LY-AMC with an IC50 of 49.73 μM, which can be used for the study of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Tamarixetin inhibits tumor cell growth, induces apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Tamarixetin prevents cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting the NFAT and AKT pathways.
    Tamarixetin (Standard)
  • HY-121204R
    Iberverin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Iberverin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Iberverin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Iberverin (-Methylthiopropyl isothiocyanate) is a sulforaphane homolog. Iberverin has anticancer activity. Iberverin inhibits cell proliferation and migration. Iberverin induces mitochondrial-related apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species[1].
    Iberverin (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity