Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Inducer

RSL3 ((1S,3R)-RSL3) is an inhibitor of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) (ferroptosis activator), reduces the expression of GPX4 protein, and induces ferroptotic death of head and neck cancer cell. RSL3 increases the expression of p62 and Nrf2 and inactivates Keap1 in HN3-rslR cells.

FX-11 is a potent, selective, reversible and competitive lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) inhibitor, with a K_i of 8 μM. FX-11 reduces ATP levels and induces oxidative stress, ROS production and cell death. FX-11 shows antitumor activity in lymphoma and pancreatic cancer xenografts.

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-M), the major seed lectin of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is a T-cell activator. Phytohemagglutinin stimulates human mononuclear leukocytes, inducing the expression of ChAT mRNA and potentiating ACh synthesis. Phytohemagglutinin induces dose- and time-dependent toxicity in THP-1 monocytes/macrophages, alters cellular morphology, causes organelle dysfunction, and increases the expression of NF-κB, COX2, IL-1β.

Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity.

Methyl methanesulfonate is an alkylating agent which transfers methyl groups, and induces DNA damage. Methyl methanesulfonate is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.

PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat is a PAC₁ receptor agonist. PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat binds to PACAP type I receptor, PACAP type II receptor VIP1, and PACAP type II receptor VIP2 with IC₅₀s of 4 nM, 2 nM, and 1 nM, respectively. PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat increases the α-secretase activity. PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat elevates cytosolic Ca²⁺, increases proliferation and increases phosphorylation of extracellular regulates kinase (ERK) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal NPY and catecholamine production. PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat can be used for neurotrophic and neuroprotective research.

Bisphenol A is a phenolic, organic synthetic compound widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Bisphenol A is a reproductive, developmental, and systemic toxicant, often classified as an endocrine-disrupting compound (EDC). Bisphenol A is associated with many diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, kidney diseases, obesity, and reproductivedisorders.

Cu(II)-Elesclomol is a complex formed by Elesclomol (HY-12040) and Cu²⁺ (copper ions). Cu(II)-Elesclomol is also a weak inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I. Cu(II)-Elesclomol exerts anticancer effects by inducing oxidative stress and DNA damage through copper chelation. Cu(II)-Elesclomol can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Cu(II)-Elesclomol can be used in the study of cancer.

Linsidomine hydrochloride (SIN-1 chloride) is a spontaneous ROS/RNS generator and peroxynitrite donor. Linsidomine hydrochloride is a vasodilator and platelet aggregation inhibitor. Linsidomine hydrochloride induces oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Linsidomine hydrochloride inhibits the migration, proliferation and neointima formation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the expression of annexin A2. In addition, low doses of Linsidomine hydrochloride shows protective effects on Zn²⁺ treated nerve cells.

Bardoxolone (CDDO; RTA 401) is a Nrf2 activator. Bardoxolone shows anti-SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro with IC50 of 27.99 μM. Bardoxolone activates the Nrf2 pathway and inhibits the NF-κB pathway. Bardoxolone can induce cells differentiation, apoptosis and shows antiproliferative activity against cancer cells. Bardoxolone can increase ROS and decrease intracellular GSH levels. Bardoxolone inhibits Z-VAD-FMK (HY-16658B)-induced necroptosis. Bardoxolone can be used for the research of cancer, inflammation and infection, such as SARS-CoV infection and glioblastoma.

Hydroxytyrosol (DOPET; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable multi-active compound with multiple effects including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-platelet aggregation, and neuroprotective activities. Hydroxytyrosol not only inhibits the growth of Vibrio by increasing bacterial membrane permeability, but also interacts with DNA and mediates supercoiled DNA relaxation. Meanwhile, Hydroxytyrosol effectively reduces thrombosis and inhibits lipid oxidation by inhibiting COX activity and promoting vascular nitric oxide production. In terms of neuroprotection, Hydroxytyrosol significantly alleviates neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses by up-regulating the expression level of ERβ, thereby improving cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease models. Hydroxytyrosol has been widely used in scientific research related to Vibrio infection, arterial thrombosis, Alzheimer's disease and other related fields.

Saquinavir (Ro 31-8959) is an orally active HIV protease inhibitor that can be used in the research of AIDS. Saquinavir also has anti-inflammatory activity and can induce apoptosis of human red blood cells.

Tin(II) chloride, 98% (Stannous chloride) is a biochemical reagent with genotoxicity, mutagenicity, mitotic recombinogenicity, and reactive oxygen species-inducing activity.

Xanthine oxidase, Microorganism (XO) is a xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and further catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid.

p-Cresyl sulfate (p-Tolyl sulfate) is a uremic toxin, that can cause renal damage and dysfunction. p-Cresyl sulfate shows antiproliferation activity. p-Cresyl sulfate increases the protein expression of HIF-1α and VHL, decreases the protein expression of HIF-2α. p-Cresyl sulfate induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). p-Cresyl sulfate activates the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.

Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) monohydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride exerts bactericidal effects primarily by inhibiting topoisomerase II and IV. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride inhibits the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells and chondrocytes from young rats, and also activates the Akt signaling pathway and upregulates markers such as β-catenin and Nanog to maintain the morphological characteristics of stem cells. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride induces significant neurotoxicity and tissue damage, including reducing serotonin and glutathione levels in the brain, inducing oxidative stress and depression-like behaviors, and causing articular cartilage damage. Ciprofloxacin monohydrochloride can be applied to research related to infections of necrotic young permanent teeth and neurotoxicity.

MRT68921 is a potent NUAK1/ULK1 dual inhibitor. MRT68921 inhibits ULK1 and ULK2 with IC₅₀ values of 2.9 nM and 1.1 nM, respectively. MRT68921 can block cells autophagy and kill tumor cells by breaking the balance of oxidative stress signals. MRT68921 can inhibit cell proliferation and induce ROS production and apoptosis. MRT68921 can be used for the research of cancer, such as breast cancer.

Curdlan is a polysaccharide found in bacteria, consisting of a glucose homopolymer with β-1,3-glycosidic linkages. Curdlan can be recognized by Dectin-1 (a C-type lectin receptor), inducing immune responses in tissue mast cells and enhancing dendritic cell effects in tumor immunity. Curdlan holds potential for research in cancer and immune-inflammatory diseases.

N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) is a bacterial quorum-sensing signaling molecule produced by P. aeruginosa and strains of the B. cepacia complex.Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria for controlling gene expression in response to increasing cell density.N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone induces the production of IL-8 in 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells.

Tolcapone (Ro 40-7592) is a selective, potent and orally active COMT inhibitor with an IC₅₀of 773 nM. Tolcapone can inhibits α-syn and Aβ₄₂ oligomerization and fibrillogenesis. Tolcapone can cause oxidative stress and induce cancer cells apoptosis and ROS production. Tolcapone can be used for the researches of cancer and neurological disease, such as Parkinson disease and neuroblastoma.