2. NF-κB Immunology/Inflammation Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  3. NF-κB COX Interleukin Related Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
  4. Phytohemagglutinin

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-M), the major seed lectin of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is a T-cell activator. Phytohemagglutinin stimulates human mononuclear leukocytes, inducing the expression of ChAT mRNA and potentiating ACh synthesis. Phytohemagglutinin induces dose- and time-dependent toxicity in THP-1 monocytes/macrophages, alters cellular morphology, causes organelle dysfunction, and increases the expression of NF-κB, COX2, IL-1β.

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CAS No. : 9008-97-3

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Based on 7 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Phytohemagglutinin:

Phytohemagglutinin Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

    Phytohemagglutinin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Oct 27;15(1):37515.  [Abstract]

    Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 2 µg/mL, 48 h) effectively induced LAG-3 and PD-1 expression, which remained for more than 48 h following PHA removal in Jurkat cells.

    Phytohemagglutinin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Oct 27;15(1):37515.  [Abstract]

    Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 2 µg/mL, 48 h) effectively induced LAG-3 and PD-1 expression, which remained for more than 48 h following PHA removal in Jurkat cells.

    Phytohemagglutinin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Oct 27;15(1):37515.  [Abstract]

    Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 2 µg/mL, 48 h) effectively induced LAG-3 and PD-1 expression, which remained for more than 48 h following PHA removal in Jurkat cells.

    Phytohemagglutinin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Jun 12:291:115126.  [Abstract]

    Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 10 μg/mL, 48 h) increased interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression in PBMCs.

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    Description

    Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-M), the major seed lectin of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is a T-cell activator. Phytohemagglutinin stimulates human mononuclear leukocytes, inducing the expression of ChAT mRNA and potentiating ACh synthesis. Phytohemagglutinin induces dose- and time-dependent toxicity in THP-1 monocytes/macrophages, alters cellular morphology, causes organelle dysfunction, and increases the expression of NF-κB, COX2, IL-1β[1][2][3][4].

    IC50 & Target

    Apoptosis[1]
    In Vitro

    Phytohemagglutinin (0.1-1000 µg/mL, 24 h) induces a reduction in cell number, the adoption of a rounded morphology, cytoskeletal destabilization and toxic response in THP-1 cells[1].
    Phytohemagglutinin (0.1-1000 µg/mL, 24-72 h) reduces mitochondrial activity and lysosomal activity in MDM cells, causing significant viability loss at higher concentrations (1000 µg/mL) and prolonged exposure (72 h)[1].
    Phytohemagglutinin (0.1-1000 µg/mL, 1-72 h) does not significantly induce ROS production in MDM cells at concentrations up to 1000 µg/mL over 72 h, showing only a slight increase in free radicals at 24 h with 1000 µg/mL[1].
    Phytohemagglutinin (10-1000 µg/mL, 24 h) increases the expression of NF-κB, COX2, IL-1β and decreases the expression of TNF-α in MDM cells[1].
    Phytohemagglutinin binds to the membranes of T-cells, stimulates metabolic activity, cell division [2].
    Phytohemagglutinin (5µg/mL, 48 h) stimulates PBMCs to secrete high levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-2, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-17, while significantly reducing IL-8 levels[4].
    Phytohemagglutinin significantly reduces RGC-32 expression and inhibits the growth of renal cancer cells, an effect reversed by PD-L1 ligation[4].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Phytohemagglutinin Related Antibodies

    Immunofluorescence[1]

    Cell Line: THP-1 cells and MDM cells
    Concentration: 0.1, 1, 100, 1000 µg/mL
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Induced a loss of membrane integrity, which in turn led to the detachment of THP-1cells from the culture flask at 1000 µg/mL.
    Caused a reduction in cell number as a result of membrane destabilization.
    Induced lysosomal membrane destabilization and reduction in MDM cell number at 100 and 1000 µg/mL.
    Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential at 10 and 1000 µg/mL in MDM cells.
    Elicited significant membrane permeabilization in MDM cells at 1000 µg/mL.
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    White to light yellow

    SMILES

    [Phytohemagglutinin]
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source
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    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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    4°C, protect from light

    *In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    H2O : 10 mg/mL (ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)

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    For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
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      Solubility: 50 mg/mL; Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

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    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: 80.0%

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    Phytohemagglutinin Related Classifications

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    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    Phytohemagglutinin9008-97-3PHA-MNF-κBCOXInterleukin RelatedReactive Oxygen Species (ROS)Nuclear factor-κBNuclear factor-kappaBCyclooxygenaseILTHP-1 monocytesChATinflammatory geneInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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