Alzheimer's Disease Models

Streptozotocin (Streptozocin; STZ) is an antibiotic widely used in experimental animal models of induced diabetes. Streptozotocin enters B cells via the glucose transporter (GLUT2) and causes the alkylation of DNA ( DNA-methylating ). Streptozotocin can induce the apoptosis of β cells.

Pexidartinib (PLX-3397) is a potent, orally active, selective, and ATP-competitive colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R or M-CSFR) and c-Kit inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 20 and 10 nM, respectively. Pexidartinib (PLX-3397) exhibits 10- to 100-fold selectivity for c-Kit and CSF1R over other related kinases. Pexidartinib (PLX-3397) induces cell apoptosis and has anti-tumor activity. Pexidartinib has limited permeability to the blood-brain barrier, primarily through ABCB1.

Colchicine, an orally active alkaloid, is a potent tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC₅₀ of 3 nM. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs). Colchicine prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small intestinal injury by inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Colchicine has extensive anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and strong anti-fibrosis effects and has the potential for gouty arthritis research.

PLX5622 is a highly selective brain penetrant and orally active CSF1R inhibitor (IC₅₀=0.016 μM; K_i=5.9 nM). PLX5622 allows for extended and specific microglial cells elimination, preceding and during pathology development. PLX5622 is an ideal choose for microglia function research in healthy or diseased states. PLX5622 has been verified by MedChemExpress, which demonstrates desirable microglia depletion efficiency in mice. PLX5622 is predominantly administered via ad libitum diets with a dose of 1200 ppm.

β-Amyloid (1-42) (Amyloid β-peptide (1-42), human TFA, a 42-amino acid peptide that has not been treated with HFIP, is a brain-penetrant amyloid protein fragment, which can be used in research on Alzheimer's disease and Down’s syndrome. β-Amyloid (1-42), human TFA remaining as a monomer exhibits antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. β-Amyloid (1-42), human TFA, after being monomericized by HFIP and dissolved in DMSO to form the stock solution, on the one hand, can form soluble oligomers (AβOs) when incubated at 4 °C, which have synaptic toxicity and neurotoxicity; on the other hand, it can be incubated at 37 °C to form insoluble fibrils, with lower neurotoxicity, and participating in the oxidative damage process. Aβ42 oligomers bind to various neuronal surface receptors (such as PrPc, mGluR5, NMDA receptors, etc.), triggering oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis imbalance, and synaptic toxicity via activating downstream signaling pathways, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.

β-Amyloid (1-42) (Amyloid β-peptide (1-42)), human, a 42-amino acid peptide that has not been treated with HFIP, is a brain-penetrant amyloid protein fragment, which can be used in research on Alzheimer's disease and Down’s syndrome. β-Amyloid (1-42), human remaining as a monomer exhibits antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. β-Amyloid (1-42), human, after being monomericized by HFIP and dissolved in DMSO to form the stock solution, on the one hand, can form soluble oligomers (AβOs) when incubated at 4 °C, which have synaptic toxicity and neurotoxicity; on the other hand, it can be incubated at 37 °C to form insoluble fibrils, with lower neurotoxicity, and participating in the oxidative damage process. Aβ42 oligomers bind to various neuronal surface receptors (such as PrPc, mGluR5, NMDA receptors, etc.), triggering oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis imbalance, and synaptic toxicity via activating downstream signaling pathways, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.

PLX5622 in AIN-76A Diet (1200 ppm) contains 1200 mg of PLX5622 (HY-114153) per Kg of AIN-76 diet and it can be used for microglia clearance. PLX5622 in AIN-76A Diet (1200 ppm) is ideal choose for microglia function research in healthy/diseased states. PLX5622 in AIN-76A Diet (1200 ppm) has been verified by MedChemExpress (MCE).The color of PLX5622 in AIN-76A Diet (1200 ppm) provided by MCE is blue. Meanwhile, MCE will provide an equal amount of PLX5622-Free AIN-76A Diet (no added pigments) as a complimentary offering, which is used for the control group.

β-Amyloid (1-42), human, HFIP-treated, a 42-amino acid peptide that has been treated with HFIP from β-Amyloid (1-42), human (HY-P1363A), is a brain-penetrant amyloid protein fragment, which can be used in research on Alzheimer's disease and Down’s syndrome. β-Amyloid (1-42), human, HFIP-treated remaining as a monomer exhibits antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. β-Amyloid (1-42), human, HFIP-treated, after being dissolved in DMSO to form the stock solution, on the one hand, can form soluble oligomers (AβOs) when incubated at 4°C, which have synaptic toxicity and neurotoxicity; on the other hand, it can be incubated at 37°C to form insoluble fibrils, with lower neurotoxicity, and participating in the oxidative damage process. Aβ42 oligomers bind to various neuronal surface receptors (such as PrPc, mGluR5, NMDA receptors, etc.), triggering oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis imbalance, and synaptic toxicity via activating downstream signaling pathways, leading to neuronal dysfunction and death.

β-Amyloid (25-35) (Amyloid beta-peptide (25-35)) is the fragment Aβ(25-35) of the Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide, has shown neurotoxic activities in cultured cells.

Okadaic acid, a marine toxin, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP). Okadaic acid has a significantly higher affinity for PP2A (IC₅₀=0.1-0.3 nM), and inhibits PP1 (IC₅₀=15-50 nM), PP3 (IC₅₀=3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC₅₀=0.1 nM), PP5 (IC₅₀=3.5 nM), but does not inhibit PP2C. Okadaic acid increases of phosphorylation of a number of proteins by inhibiting PP, and acts a tumor promoter. Okadaic acid induces tau phosphorylation.

β-Amyloid (1-42), (rat/mouse) is a 42-aa peptide, shows cytotoxic effect on acute hippocampal slices, and used in the research of Alzheimer's disease.

Pexidartinib hydrochloride (PLX-3397 hydrochloride) is a potent, orally active, selective, and ATP-competitive colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R or M-CSFR) and c-Kit inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 20 and 10 nM, respectively. Pexidartinib hydrochloride exhibits 10- to 100-fold selectivity for c-Kit and CSF1R over other related kinases. Pexidartinib hydrochloride induces cell apoptosis and has anti-cancer activity.

β-Amyloid (1-40) TFA is a primary protein in plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

β-Amyloid (42-1), human is the inactive form of Amyloid β Peptide (1-42). Its active form, β-Amyloid (1-42), may play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

PLX5622 hemifumarate is a highly selective brain penetrant and orally active CSF1R inhibitor (IC₅₀=0.016 μM; K_i=5.9 nM). PLX5622 hemifumarate allows for extended and specific microglial elimination, preceding and during pathology development. PLX5622 hemifumarate demonstrates desirable PK properties in varies animals.

Okadaic acid sodium, a marine toxin, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP). Okadaic acid (sodium) has a significantly higher affinity for PP2A (IC₅₀=0.1-0.3 nM), and inhibits PP1 (IC₅₀=15-50 nM), PP3 (IC₅₀=3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC₅₀=0.1 nM), PP5 (IC₅₀=3.5 nM), but does not inhibit PP2C. Okadaic acid sodium increases of phosphorylation of a number of proteins by inhibiting PP, and acts a tumor promoter. Okadaic acid sodium induces tau phosphorylation.

β-Amyloid (1-42), (rat/mouse) TFA is a 42-aa peptide, shows cytotoxic effect on acute hippocampal slices, and used in the research of Alzheimer's disease.

β-Amyloid (42-1), human TFA is the inactive form of Amyloid β Peptide (1-42). β-Amyloid (42-1), human TFA is a 42-amino acid peptide which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

Okadaic acid ammonium salt, a marine toxin, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP). Okadaic acid ammonium salt has a significantly higher affinity for PP2A (IC₅₀=0.1-0.3 nM), and inhibits PP1 (IC₅₀=15-50 nM), PP3 (IC₅₀=3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC₅₀=0.1 nM), PP5 (IC₅₀=3.5 nM), but does not inhibit PP2C. Okadaic acid ammonium salt increases of phosphorylation of a number of proteins by inhibiting PP, and acts as a tumor promoter. Okadaic acid ammonium salt induces tau phosphorylation.