2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Related Products

PDF 16.38 MB

Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-100498
    GSK2256098
    		Inducer 99.86%
    GSK2256098 is a selective FAK kinase inhibitor, which inhibits growth and survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.
    GSK2256098
  • HY-13322
    Pracinostat
    		Inducer 99.80%
    Pracinostat is a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, with IC50s of 40-140 nM, used for cancer research. Pracinostat also inhibits metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2) hydrolase activity with an EC50 below 10 nM.
    Pracinostat
  • HY-13822
    SKI II
    		Inducer 99.25%
    SKI-II is an oral active and synthetic inhibitor of sphingosine kinase (SK) activity, with IC50 values of 78 μM and 45 μM for SK1 and for SK2, respectively. SKI II causes an irreversible inhibition of SK1 by inducing its lysosomal and/or proteasomal degradation.
    SKI II
  • HY-15601
    Vesatolimod
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Vesatolimod (GS-9620) is a potent, selective and orally active agonist of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR7) with an EC50 of 291 nM.
    Vesatolimod
  • HY-18630A
    Ro 48-8071
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Ro 48-8071 is an inhibitor of OSC (Oxidosqualene cyclase) with IC50 of appr 6.5 nM.
    Ro 48-8071
  • HY-P99264
    Inotuzumab
    		Inducer
    Inotuzumab (Humanized Anti-CD22 Recombinant Antibody) is a humanized IgG4κ antibody that targets human CD22. Inotuzumab can be linked to a toxic agent Ozogamicin as an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), Inotuzumab ozogamicin (HY-P9959). Inotuzumab can be used for the research of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
    Inotuzumab
  • HY-135899
    SIRT7 inhibitor 97491
    		Inducer 98.81%
    SIRT7 inhibitor 97491, a potent SIRT7 inhibitor with an IC50 of 325 nM, reduces deacetylase activity of SIRT7 in a dose-dependent manner. SIRT7 inhibitor 97491 prevents tumor progression by increasing p53 stability through acetylation at K373/382. SIRT7 inhibitor 97491 promotes apoptosis through caspase pathway..
    SIRT7 inhibitor 97491
  • HY-N0428
    Obacunone
    		Inducer 99.75%
    Obacunone is a highly oxidized triterpenoid limonoid isolated from citrus plants. Obacunone exerts its anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis. Obacunone also protects retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR)-induced oxidative damage.
    Obacunone
  • HY-N8518
    Malabaricone C
    		Inducer 99.46%
    Malabaricone C is an orally active and noncompetitive sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) inhibitor with IC50 values of 3 μM and 1.5 μM for SMS 1 and SMS 2, respectively. Malabaricone C reduces body weight gain, improves glucose tolerance, and decreases lipid accumulation in the liver, showing significant prevention of high fat diet-induced fatty liver in mice. Malabaricone C has anti-inflammatory effects, which is found in the fruits of Myristica cinnamomea King. Malabaricone C is promising for research of obesity and immunological disorders caused due to hyper-activation of T-cells.
    Malabaricone C
  • HY-10339
    KW-2449
    		Inducer 99.91%
    KW-2449 is a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor of FLT3, ABL, ABLT315I and Aurora kinase with IC50s of 6.6, 14, 4 and 48 nM, respectively.
    KW-2449
  • HY-N0269
    Echinatin
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Echinatin is a chalcone isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Gancao with hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Echinatin can be quickly absorbed and eliminated and extensively distributed with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 6.81% in Rat.
    Echinatin
  • HY-B0762
    Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.95%
    Acetyl-L-carnitine (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR) hydrochloride is an orally active mitochondrial energy metabolism regulator and neuroprotectant that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride selectively enters cells and the brain through the organic cation transporter OCTN2. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride can participate in fatty acid β-oxidation, promote acetylcholine synthesis, regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress as an acetyl donor. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride exerts its activity by enhancing energy metabolism, protecting neurons and improving synaptic plasticity. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is mainly used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorder-related diseases such as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease, and depression.
    Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride
  • HY-B0617S
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine-d3
    		Inducer 99.70%
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine-d3 (S-Adenosyl methionine-d3) is the deuterated product of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (HY-B0617). S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (S-Adenosyl methionine) is an orally active methyl group donor. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine is a dietary supplement with potent antidepressant effects. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine also has anti‑proliferative, pro‑apoptotic and anti‑metastatic roles in cancers. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine has the potential for, cancer, liver disease and osteoarthritis research.
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-156773
    STM3006
    		98.71%
    STM3006 is a highly potent, selective, and orally active inhibitor of METTL3 (IC50: 5 nM). STM3006 can reduce the m6A level, promote the formation of dsRNA, trigger a cell-intrinsic interferon response, and enhance the killing effect of T cells on tumors. STM3006 has anti-tumor activity, and its combination with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy yields better results.
    STM3006
  • HY-N1446S2
    Oleic acid-13C18
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Oleic acid-13C18 is the 13C labeled Oleic acid (HY-N1446). Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator.
    Oleic acid-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>18</sub>
  • HY-12970
    EPZ020411
    		Inhibitor 98.07%
    EPZ020411 is a selective inhibitor of PRMT6 with an IC50 of 10 nM, has >10 folds selectivity for PRMT6 over PRMT1 and PRMT8. EPZ020411 can be used for the research of cancer.
    EPZ020411
  • HY-D0988
    R-Phycoerythrin
    		Inducer
    R-Phycoerythrin is found in Heterosiphonia japonica. R-Phycoerythrin is an orange-red fluorescent probe with α, β, and γ subunits. R-Phycoerythrin can be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) to induce apoptosis in tumor cells. R-Phycoerythrin can be used in fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence analysis (Ex: 495 nm).
    R-Phycoerythrin
  • HY-N2334A
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt
    		Inducer 98.51%
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (Sodium glycochenodeoxycholate) is a relatively toxic bile salt generated in the liver from chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt inhibits Autophagosome formation and impairs lysosomal function by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and increasing lysosomal pH in human normal liver cells, leading to the Apoptosis of human hepatocyte cells. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt induces stemness and chemoresistance via activating STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt is promising for research in the field of cholestasis desease, hepatocellular carcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt
  • HY-101016
    17-ODYA
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    17-ODYA is a CYP450 ω-hydroxylase inhibitor. 17-ODYA is also a potent inhibitor (IC50<100 nM) of the formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by rat renal cortical microsomes incubated with arachidonic acid. 17-ODYA completely attenuates the isoproterenol (ISO)-induced apoptosis, and necrosis in cultured cardiomyocytes. 17-ODYA is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    17-ODYA
  • HY-W050044
    L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
    		Activator 99.97%
    L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is a proline analog. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid upregulates the lipid autophagy marker LC3-II via activation of the PERK pathway. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid increases pro-apoptotic BAX protein. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ATF6 cleavage and upregulates phosphorylated eIF2α levels. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ER stress, inducing protein misfolding and aggregation. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid shows teratogenic, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects.
    L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity