2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W754303
    Dihydroartemisinin-13C,d5
    Dihydroartemisinin-13C,d5 (Dihydroqinghaosu-13C,d5) is the deuterium labeled and 13C-labeled Dihydroartemisinin (HY-N0176). Dihydroartemisinin is a potent anti-malaria agent.
    Dihydroartemisinin-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-14754R
    Salirasib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Salirasib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Salirasib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Salirasib is a Ras inhibitor that inhibits specifically both oncogenically activated Ras and growth factor receptor-mediated Ras activation, resulting in the inhibition of Ras-dependent tumor growth.
    Salirasib (Standard)
  • HY-N0733S1
    Glucosamine-2-13C hydrochloride
    		99%
    Glucosamine-2-13C (hydrochloride) is the 13C labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as
    Glucosamine-2-<sup>13</sup>C hydrochloride
  • HY-100532S
    CD437-13C6
    CD437-13C6 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled CD437. CD437 is a selective Retinoic Acid Receptor γ (RARγ) agonist.
    CD437-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N0231R
    Bavachalcone (Standard)
    		Activator
    Bavachalcone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bavachalcone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bavachalcone is a potent inducer of apoptosis. Bavachalcone exerts anticancer activity by promoting autophagy and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Bavachalcone acts as an anti-neuroinflammatory and antidepressant through the NF-κB pathway. Bavachalcone inhibits osteoclasts by interfering with ERK and Akt signaling pathways and the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1. Bavachalcone exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on baculovirus-expressed BACE-1 in vitro.
    Bavachalcone (Standard)
  • HY-W142432S
    Perfluoroundecanoic acid-13C7
    Perfluoroundecanoic acid-13C7 is the 13C-labeled Perfluoroundecanoic acid (HY-W142432). Perfluoroundecanoic acid is a perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). Perfluoroundecanoic acid is an orally active oxidative stress inducer. Perfluoroundecanoic acid promotes macrophage M2 polarization, activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and enhances β-catenin nuclear accumulation. Perfluoroundecanoic acid -induced M2 phenotype macrophage accelerates tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Perfluoroundecanoic acid induces DNA damage, reproductive and pathophysiological dysfunctions via oxidative stress in male Swiss mice. Perfluoroundecanoic acid inhibits Leydig cell development in pubertal male rats via inducing oxidative stress and autophagy. Perfluoroundecanoic acid accelerates insulitis development in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Perfluoroundecanoic acid can be used for the study of ovarian cancer, type 1 diabetes and inflammation.
    Perfluoroundecanoic acid-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-170992
    Autophagy agonist-1
    		Agonist
    Autophagy agonist-1 (compound 22) is an Autophagy agonist. Autophagy agonist-1 exhibits significant anticancer activity against HepG2 cells and normal cells with IC50s of 8.8 μM and > 50 μM. Autophagy agonist-1 induces G1/S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits CDK4 and CyclinD1 expression while upregulating P21. Autophagy agonist-1 promotes the accumulation of autophagosomes and the proteins LC3 and PINK1, enhancing autophagy and mitophagy in HepG2 cells.
    Autophagy agonist-1
  • HY-138850
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C3-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C3-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C3-NH2
  • HY-W740010
    N-Desmethyl rosuvastatin disodium hydrate
    		Inducer 99.1%
    N-Desmethyl rosuvastatin disodium hydrate is an active metabolite of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor rosuvastatin (HY-17504). N-Desmethyl rosuvastatin disodium hydrate can be utilized in research of rosuvastatin metabolism.
    N-Desmethyl rosuvastatin disodium hydrate
  • HY-W584521
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH2 TFA is an E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and NH-PEG3-NH-Boc. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH2 TFA acts as a ligand for Cereblon to recruit CRBN protein. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH2 TFA is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-NH2 TFA
  • HY-163136
    Autophagy/REV-ERB-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    Autophagy/REV-ERB-IN-1 (compound 24) is a dual inhibitor of autophagy and REV-ERB. Autophagy/REV-ERB-IN-1 has anti-tumor activity with a CC50 value of 2.3 μM on BTB-474 cells.
    Autophagy/REV-ERB-IN-1
  • HY-N1372AR
    Fangchinoline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Fangchinoline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fangchinoline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fangchinoline is isolated from Stephania tetrandra with extensive biological activities, such as enhancing immunity, anti-inflammatory sterilization and anti-atherosclerosis. Fangchinoline, a novel HIV-1 inhibitor, inhibits HIV-1 replication by impairing gp160 proteolytic processing. Fangchinoline targets Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and suppresses FAK-mediated signaling pathway in tumor cells which highly expressed FAK. Fangchinoline induces apoptosis and adaptive autophagy in bladder cancer.
    Fangchinoline (Standard)
  • HY-168640
    RIP3 activator 1
    		Inducer
    RIP3 activator 1 (compound C8) is a potent RIP3 activator. RIP3 activator 1 inhibits cell growth. RIP3 activator 1 induces necroptosis through the RIP3/p62/Keap1 signaling pathway. RIP3 activator 1 increases the protein expression of p-MLKL. RIP3 activator 1 induces autophagy. RIP3 activator 1 increases accumulation of LC3-II and p62 protein expression.
    RIP3 activator 1
  • HY-156348
    MAO-B-IN-26
    		Inhibitor
    MAO-B-IN-26 (Compound IC9) is a MAO-B and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. MAO-B-IN-26 protects SH?SY5Y cells against Aβ induced cytotoxicity, morphological changes, ROS generation and membrane damage. MAO-B-IN-26 also inhibits Aβ induced autophagy and apoptosis. MAO-B-IN-26 can be used as a neuroprotective agent against Alzheimer’s disease.
    MAO-B-IN-26
  • HY-16151
    CR-3294
    		Inducer
    CR-3294 is an autophagy inducer in hypoxic cells. CR-3294 is an inducible enzyme nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor. CR-3294 inhibits both the DNA binding of HIF-1alpha and VEGF mRNA synthesis. CR-3294 can be used for the study of breast cancer and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis.
    CR-3294
  • HY-N0235R
    Bakuchiol (Standard)
    Bakuchiol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bakuchiol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bakuchiol is a phytoestrogen that can be obtained from psoralen seeds. Bakuchiol has been proven to be a non-competitive inhibitor of multiple enzymes, including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) and human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2) , with IC50s values of 40.9 μM and 7.28 μM, respectively. Bakuchiol exhibits significant research and application potential in areas such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor therapies, as well as drug metabolism regulation.
    Bakuchiol (Standard)
  • HY-182938
    Autophagy activator-2
    		Activator
    Autophagy activator-2 is a potent autophagy activator with EC50 values of 14.33 μM. Autophagy activator-2 acts as a proteostasis modulator and small-molecule chaperone that upregulates I1061T mutant NPC1 expression and facilitates cholesterol efflux. Autophagy activator-2 reduces lysosomal hydrolase levels. Autophagy activator-2 can be used for the study of Niemann-Pick Type C disease.
    Autophagy activator-2
  • HY-N6687B
    Calcimycin hemimagnesium
    		Modulator
    Calcimycin (A-23187) hemimagnesium is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin hemimagnesium induces Ca2+-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin hemimagnesium inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin hemimagnesium also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin hemimagnesium induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Calcimycin hemimagnesium
  • HY-183870
    NCO-90
    		Inducer
    NCO-90 is a selective SIRT2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.0 μM. NCO-90 induces Apoptosis via Caspase activation and mitochondrial superoxide anion production, and also induces Autophagic cell death by increasing LC3-II levels and autophagosome accumulation. NCO-90 exhibits anticancer activity against leukemia. NCO-90 can be used in research related to acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia.
    NCO-90
  • HY-N0305S
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-15N hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-15N (hydrochloride) is the 15N-labeled 5-Aminolevulinic acid (hydrochloride). 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA hydrochloride) is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis in the body and the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.
    5-Aminolevulinic acid-<sup>15</sup>N hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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