2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13417R
    AICAR (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    AICAR (Standard) is the analytical standard of AICAR. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor.
    AICAR (Standard)
  • HY-123058
    Vps34-IN-4
    		98.79%
    Vps34-IN-4 (compound 19) is a potent, selective, and orally active inhibitor of VPS34. Vps34-IN-4 inhibits the autophagy in vivo. Autophagy is a dynamic process that regulates lysosomal-dependent degradation of cellular components.
    Vps34-IN-4
  • HY-10219S
    Rapamycin-d3
    		Inducer
    Rapamycin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Rapamycin. Rapamycin is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant.
    Rapamycin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-12033S2
    2-Methoxyestradiol-d5
    		Inducer 98.67%
    2-Methoxyestradiol-d5 is the deuterium labeled 2-Methoxyestradiol. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2), an orally active endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2), is an apoptosis inducer and an angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules. 2-Methoxyestradio, also a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor and a ROS-generating agent, induces autophagy in the transformed cell line HEK293 and the cancer cell lines U87 and HeLa.
    2-Methoxyestradiol-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-163198
    ASCT2-IN-1
    		Inducer 98.21%
    ASCT2-IN-1 (compound 20k) is an ASCT2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 5.6 μM and 3.5 μM in cells A549 and HEK293, respectively. ASCT2-IN-1 induces cell apoptosis. ASCT2-IN-1 inhibits tumor growth.
    ASCT2-IN-1
  • HY-103038
    ML327
    		98.02%
    ML327 is a blocker of MYC which can also de-repress E-cadherin transcription and reverse Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT).
    ML327
  • HY-100114
    TA-01
    		99.86%
    TA-01 is a potent CK1 and p38 MAPK inhibitor, with IC50s of 6.4 nM, 6.8 nM, 6.7 nM for CK1ε, CK1δ and p38 MAPK, respectively. TA-01 acts as a cardiogenic inhibitor.
    TA-01
  • HY-135250B
    Thalidomide-4-O-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.53%
    Thalidomide-4-O-C6-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate used in the PROTAC dTAG-13, a degrader of FKBP12F36V and BET.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C6-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-46531
    Thalidomide-5-NH2-CH2-COOH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-NH2-CH2-COOH (compound 114) is a potent and selective inhibitor of tropomyosin receptor kinase (trk). Thalidomide-5-NH2-CH2-COOH is a ligand of E3 ligase. Thalidomide-5-NH2-CH2-COOH has the potential for researching one or more diseases (extracted from patent WO2021170109A1).
    Thalidomide-5-NH2-CH2-COOH
  • HY-15464A
    (R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid
    		Inducer 98.93%
    (R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid (AT-101 (acetic acid)) is the levorotatory isomer of a natural product Gossypol. AT-101 is determined to bind to Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL proteins with Kis of 260±30 nM, 170±10 nM, and 480±40 nM, respectively.
    (R)-(-)-Gossypol acetic acid
  • HY-136237
    Thalidomide-NH-C5-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Thalidomide-NH-C5-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-C5-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-14655S
    Sulfasalazine-d4
    		Inducer 99.28%
    Sulfasalazine-d4 is the deuterium labeled Sulfasalazine. Sulfasalazine (NSC 667219) is an anti-rheumatic agent for the research of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine can suppress NF-κB activity. Sulfasalazine is a type 1 ferroptosis inducer.
    Sulfasalazine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-W018059
    Phytic acid potassium
    		Activator 98.0%
    Phytic acid (myo-Inositol) potassium is an orally active compound. Phytic acid potassium can be derived from the seeds of legumes. Phytic acid potassium is a [PO4]3- storage depot and precursor for other inositol phosphates and pyrophosphates. Phytic acid potassium attenuates Aβ oligomers and upregulates autophagy protein. Phytic acid potassium can be used in cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, nervous system disease and cancer research.
    Phytic acid potassium
  • HY-16562S1
    Irinotecan-d10 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Irinotecan-d10 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Irinotecan. Irinotecan ((+)-Irinotecan) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor, preventing religation of the DNA strand by binding to topoisomerase I-DNA complex.
    Irinotecan-d<sub>10</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-129578
    Asperphenamate
    		Activator 98.0%
    Asperphenamate, a fungal metabolite of Aspergillus flatiipes with anti-cancer effect, exhibits IC50 values of 92.3 μM, 96.5 μM and 97.9 μM in T47D, MDA-MB-231 and HL-60 cells, respectively.
    Asperphenamate
  • HY-N2365
    Macamide B
    		99.35%
    Macamide B (N-Benzylhexadecanamide; Macamide 1) is a macamide isolated from Lepidium meyenii, acts as an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).
    Macamide B
  • HY-N10546A
    Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium is a type of glycosphingolipid, mainly found on the cell membranes of the central nervous system of vertebrates. Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing excessive activation of NMDAR, activating TrkA and ERK1/2, and inhibiting oxidative stress and cell apoptosis and autophagy. Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium can be used in the research of diseases such as traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.
    Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium
  • HY-W099689
    3-Octanol
    		Inducer 98.81%
    3-Octanol is a fragrance ingredient. 3-octanol not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic.
    3-Octanol
  • HY-B0003R
    Gemcitabine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Gemcitabine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Gemcitabine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Gemcitabine Hydrochloride (LY 188011 Hydrochloride) is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog antimetabolite and an antineoplastic agent. Gemcitabine Hydrochloride inhibits DNA synthesis and repair, resulting in autophagyand apoptosis.
    Gemcitabine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0589S
    Atorvastatin-d5 hemicalcium
    		Inducer 99.00%
    Atorvastatin-d5 (hemicalcium) is the deuterium labeled Atorvastatin. Atorvastatin hemicalcium is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids. Atorvastatin hemicalcium inhibits human SV-SMC proliferation and invasion with IC50s of 0.39 μM and 2.39 μM, respectively.
    Atorvastatin-d<sub>5</sub> hemicalcium
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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