2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-140942
    Biotin-PEG6-Thalidomide
    		Inducer 98.42%
    Biotin-PEG6-Thalidomide is a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Biotin-PEG6-Thalidomide
  • HY-153797
    Dox-btn2
    		Inducer 98.80%
    Dox-btn2 is a biotin labeled Doxorubicin (HY-15142A), with a biotin label at the point of conjugation to doxorubicin at 3'-NH2. Dox-btn2 can be used for cell imaging. While Doxorubicin is mainly accumulated in the nucleus, while Dox-btn2 is mainly located in the cytoplasm.
    Dox-btn2
  • HY-N2303
    Eriocalyxin B
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Eriocalyxin B is a diterpenoid compound that can be isolated from Chinese herb Isodon eriocalyx. Eriocalyxin B exhibits multiple activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and inhibition of adipogenesis. Eriocalyxin B is capable of inducing apoptosis and autophagy in tumor cells. Eriocalyxin B can be used in the research of cancers, autoimmune diseases, and other conditions.
    Eriocalyxin B
  • HY-146087
    Autophagy inducer 4
    		Inducer 99.63%
    Autophagy inducer 4 is a Magnolol-based Mannich base derivatives, which can be used as an anticancer agent. Autophagy inducer 4 suppresses cancer cells via inducing autophagy. Autophagy inducer 4 has 76-fold improvement in cytotoxicity against T47D cells compared with Magnolol. Autophagy inducer 4 also possesses suppressive effects on migration of T47D and Hela cancer cells.
    Autophagy inducer 4
  • HY-N2531
    Notoginsenoside Fc
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Notoginsenoside Fc, a protopanaxadiol- (PPD-) type saponin isolated from the leaves of Panax notoginseng, effectively counteracts platelet aggregation. Notoginsenoside Fc can accelerate reendothelialization following vascular injury in diabetic rats by promoting autophagy.
    Notoginsenoside Fc
  • HY-14655R
    Sulfasalazine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sulfasalazine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sulfasalazine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sulfasalazine (NSC 667219) is an anti-rheumatic agent for the research of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Sulfasalazine can suppress NF-κB activity. Sulfasalazine is a type 1 ferroptosis inducer.
    Sulfasalazine (Standard)
  • HY-P3003S
    Cereulide-13C6
    		Inducer
    Cereulide-13C6 is a deuterated form of Cereulide. Cereulide is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable emetic toxin. Cereulide acts as a potassium ionophore that inserts into membranes, forms complexes with K+, and transports K+ from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Cereulide disrupts the electrochemical gradient of the inner mitochondrial membrane, leading to mitochondrial swelling and dysfunction, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of ATP synthesis, ROS accumulation, and ultimately triggering apoptosis and autophagy. Cereulide exhibits multi-organ toxicity and can be used for research on emetic food poisoning.
    Cereulide-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-17363R
    Dimethyl fumarate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dimethyl fumarate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dimethyl fumarate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally active and brain-penetrant Nrf2 activator and induces upregulation of antioxidant gene expression. Dimethyl fumarate induces necroptosis in colon cancer cells through GSH depletion/ROS increase/MAPKs activation pathway, and also induces cell autophagy. Dimethyl fumarate can be used for multiple sclerosis research.
    Dimethyl fumarate (Standard)
  • HY-N0156R
    Oleanolic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Oleanolic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oleanolic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oleanolic acid (Caryophyllin) is a natural compound from plants with anti-tumor activities.
    Oleanolic acid (Standard)
  • HY-13520R
    Nocodazole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nocodazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nocodazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nocodazole (Oncodazole) is a rapidly-reversible inhibitor of microtubule. Nocodazole binds to β-tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, which prevents mitosis and induces apoptosis in tumor cells. Nocodazole inhibits Bcr-Abl.
    Nocodazole (Standard)
  • HY-W008581
    Estradiol 3-methyl ether
    		Inhibitor 99.07%
    Estradiol 3-methyl ether (EDME) is a highly selective TRPML1 ion channel antagonist and microtubule (microtubule) depolymerizing agent, with IC50 values of 0.22 μM and 3.8 μM against TRPML1 and TRPML2, respectively; it shows no activity against TRPML3. Estradiol 3-methyl ether induces the disruption of cytoplasmic microtubule networks in mammalian cells, with an EC50 of 9 μM. Independent of estrogen receptors, Estradiol 3-methyl ether blocks autophagy (autophagy), TFEB nuclear translocation, and inhibits the migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells by suppressing TRPML1. Estradiol 3-methyl ether is applicable for relevant research on triple-negative breast cancer.
    Estradiol 3-methyl ether
  • HY-114293S5
    Acetyl coenzyme A-d3
    Acetyl coenzyme A-d3 (Acetyl-CoA-d3) is the deuterium labeled Acetyl coenzyme A (HY-114293). Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.
    Acetyl coenzyme A-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-14598R
    Diethylstilbestrol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Diethylstilbestrol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diethylstilbestrol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diethylstilbestrol (Stilbestrol) is a non-steroidal female hormone that has oral activity and can act on menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. Diethylstilbestrol can induce DNA oxidation and Apoptosis of spermatogonial stem cells. Diethylstilbestrol can induce thymocyte Autophagy Diethylstilbestrol is a 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) inhibitor..
    Diethylstilbestrol (Standard)
  • HY-B0223R
    Albendazole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Albendazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Albendazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Albendazole (SKF-62979) is an orally active and broad-spectrum parasiticide with high effectiveness and low host toxicity, is used for the research of gastrointestinal parasites in humans and animals. Albendazole induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Albendazole also inhibits tubulin polymerization and HIF-1α, VEGF expression, has antioxidant activity, and inhibits the glycolytic process in cancer cells.
    Albendazole (Standard)
  • HY-B0984R
    Fendiline hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Fendiline (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fendiline (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fendiline hydrochloride, a diphenylalkylamine type of antianginal agent, is an L-type calcium channel blocker (IC50 of 17 µM). Fendiline hydrochloride is also a selective K-Ras inhibitor, and has no effect on H-Ras and N-Ras. Fendiline hydrochloride inhibits K-Ras plasma membrane localization (IC50 of 9.64 μM), inhibits K-Ras signal output and blocks the proliferation of pancreatic, colon, lung, and endometrial cancer cell lines expressing oncogenic mutant K-Ras. Fendiline hydrochloride is a STING agonist and is able to inhibit the growth of multiple refractory cold tumors (MC38, CT26 and B16F10).
    Fendiline hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-12286
    PI-1840
    		Inducer 98.78%
    PI-1840 is a potent and selective chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) inhibitor for with an IC50 value of 27 nM. PI-1840 inhibits cell proliferation and arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase. PI-1840 induces apoptosis and induces autophagy. PI-1840 induces the accumulation of proteasome substrates p27, Bax, and IκB-α.
    PI-1840
  • HY-N0480R
    Reserpine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Reserpine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Reserpine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Reserpine is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2).
    Reserpine (Standard)
  • HY-13780R
    Vinblastine sulfate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Vinblastine (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vinblastine (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vinblastine sulfate is a cytotoxic alkaloid used against various cancer types. Vinblastine sulfate inhibits the formation of microtubule and suppresses nAChR with an IC50 of 8.9 μM.
    Vinblastine sulfate (Standard)
  • HY-136068
    DCAP
    		Inhibitor 99.0%
    DCAP is a broad-spectrum antibiotic targeting the membranes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. DCAP blocks autophagy at the late stages by preventing autophagolysosome maturation and interrupting the autophagic flux.
    DCAP
  • HY-10159C
    Nilotinib hydrochloride dihydrate
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Nilotinib (AMN107) hydrochloride dihydrate is an orally active Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity and can be used in studies of chronic myelogenous leukaemia.
    Nilotinib hydrochloride dihydrate
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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