2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-183944
    BN80933
    		Inhibitor
    BN80933 is a selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor with a rat Ki of 0.92 μM. BN80933 inhibits lipid peroxidation, and blocks hypoxia-induced lactate dehydrogenase elevation and delayed 8-epiprostaglandin F2α elevation. BN80933 can be used for the research of stroke, and traumatic brain injury.
    BN80933
  • HY-N2078R
    Yamogenin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Yamogenin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Yamogenin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Yamogenin (Neodiosgenin) is a diastereomer of diosgenin. Yamogenin antagonizes the activation of the liver X receptor (LXR) in luciferase ligand assay. Yamogenin inhibits triacylglyceride (TG) accumulation through the suppression of gene expression of fatty acid synthesis in HepG2 hepatocytes. Yamogenin is a steroidal saponin that can be obtained from plant species with in vitro cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Yamogenin induces cell death via the extrinsic and intrinsic way of apoptosis. Yamogenin inhibits protein denaturation with an IC50 of 1421.92 μg/mL. Yamogenin can be studied in research on gastric cancer.
    Yamogenin (Standard)
  • HY-B1204S1
    Histamine-d4
    Histamine-d4 (Ergamine-d4) is deuterium labeled Histamine (HY-B1204). Histamine is the agonist for histamine receptor and a vasodilator. Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound that participates in local immune responses, regulates intestinal physiological functions, and acts as a neurotransmitter. Histamine affects p38 MAPK/Akt signaling pathway, exhibits antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Histamine can be used in the research of acute myeloid leukemia, malignant melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma.
    Histamine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-170527
    Anticancer agent 260
    Anticancer agent 260 (Compound 3g/4d) is an orally active anticancer agent, that inhibits the proliferation of cancer cell HCT-116, MIA-PaCa2 and MDA-MB231 with IC50s of 98.7, 81.0, and 77.2 µg/mL, respectively. Anticancer agent 260 exhibits promotes ulcer formation and lipid peroxidation, anti-inflammatory and analgesic efficacy.
    Anticancer agent 260
  • HY-B2010R
    Fomesafen (Standard)
    		Activator
    Fomesafen (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fomesafen (HY-B2010). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fomesafen is an orally active herbicide. Fomesafen inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). Fomesafen induces Apoptosis and increases ROS. Fomesafen exhibits developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. It induces precancerous lesions in the liver and hepaturoporphyria in mice. Fomesafen is used to control broadleaf weeds in soybean fields, rubber plantations, and orchards.
    Fomesafen (Standard)
  • HY-173238
    Antibacterial agent 273
    		Inducer
    Antibacterial Agent 273 (Compound 15e) is a membrane-targeting antimicrobial agent that disrupts bacterial cell membranes, exhibiting a MIC of 4 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. By compromising membrane integrity, it induces leakage of intracellular nucleic acids and proteins, suppresses bacterial metabolic activity, and triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antibacterial Agent 273 is suitable for research on infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
    Antibacterial agent 273
  • HY-N0721R
    Neoandrographolide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Neoandrographolide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Neoandrographolide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Neoandrographolide is a diterpenoid compound isolated from Andrographis paniculata. Neoandrographolide inhibits osteoclasts differentiation and bone resorption through inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/PPAR/CAMK signaling pathway. Neoandrographolide inhibits apoptosis in rat embryonic ventricular cardiomyocytes. Neoandrographolide inhibits iNOS and the generation of ROS, activates eNOS, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activity.
    Neoandrographolide (Standard)
  • HY-N3460R
    Isorhoifolin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Isorhoifolin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isorhoifolin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isorhoifolin is a flavonoid glycoside from Hemistepta lyrata. Isorhoifolin displays an anti-leakage effect.
    Isorhoifolin (Standard)
  • HY-N8253S
    Quercetin 4'-Glucoside-d3
    		Inhibitor
    Quercetin 4'-Glucoside-d3 (Spiraeoside-d3) is deuterium labeled Spiraeoside. Spiraeoside, an orally active natural compound, exerts antioxidant activity, inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde production. Spiraeoside possesses antiallergic, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities.
    Quercetin 4'-Glucoside-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-14771S
    Imeglimin-d3
    		Inhibitor
    Imeglimin-d3 (EMD 387008-d3) is deuterium labeled Imeglimin. Imeglimin (EMD 387008) is an oral glucose-lowering agent. Imeglimin improves insulin sensitivity. Imeglimin also reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increases mitochondrial DNA and improves mitochondrial function.
    Imeglimin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-W012092R
    Ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate is a natural compound isolated from the roots of Rauvolfia yunnanensis Tsiang. Ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate is a melanogenesis inhibitor. Ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate does not directly target tyrosinase activity, but inhibits melanin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner by downregulating α-MSH (HY-P0252)-induced tyrosinase protein expression and scavenging ROS. Ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate scavenges DPPH free radicals. Ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate can be used in the research of hyperpigmentation.
    Ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (Standard)
  • HY-168957
    RuDiOBn
    		Inhibitor
    RuDiOBn scanvages DPPH and ABTS free radicals (13.2% and 5.9% clearance at 100 μg/mL), exhibits low antioxidant activity. RuDiOBn inhibits the collagen glycation, reduces the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with an IC50 of 2.45 μg/mL. RuDiOBn enhances the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, stimulates the synthesis of collagen, promoting the skin repair and regeneration. RuDiOBn also inhibits collagenase.
    RuDiOBn
  • HY-168844
    Antibacterial agent 259
    		Inducer
    Antibacterial agent 259 (K3) is a bactericide, with EC50 values ​​of 1.5, 1.7 and 4.9 mg/L for Xoo, Xoc and Xac, respectively. Antibacterial agent 259 can induce pathogens to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to their death. Antibacterial agent 259 can be used in the prevention and control of plant bacterial diseases.
    Antibacterial agent 259
  • HY-N6829R
    Retusin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Retusin (Quercetin-3,3',4',7-tetramethylether) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Retusin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Retusin is a tyrosinase inhibitor, with IC50 values of 50.9 μM and 51.8 μM against mushroom and intracellular tyrosinase, respectively. Retusin also acts as a free radical scavenger, melanogenesis inhibitor, anti-apoptosis agent, neuroprotective agent, antiemetic, antifungal agent, and antiviral agent. Retusin scavenges ABTS•+ and DPPH• free radicals. Retusin can be used in studies related to hyperpigmentation, vomiting, Aspergillus niger infection, and COVID-19 infection.
    Retusin (Standard)
  • HY-125365R
    Rifamycin S (Standard)
    		Activator
    Rifamycin S (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rifamycin S. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rifamycin S, a quinone, is an antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria (including MRSA). Rifamycin S is the oxidized forms of a reversible oxidation-reduction system involving two electrons. Rifamycin S generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation. Rifamycin S can be used for tuberculosis and leprosy.
    Rifamycin S (Standard)
  • HY-B0914AR
    10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    10-Undecenoic acid (zinc salt) (Standard) is the analytical standard of 10-Undecenoic acid (zinc salt). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt (Undecylenic acid zinc salt) is an antifungal agent. 10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt inhibits Aβ oligomerization, scavenges ROS and inhibits μ-calpain activity. 10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt has neuroprotective effects. 10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt has anticancer effects on a variety of tumors. 10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt inhibits C. albicans biofilm formation and MRSA infection. 10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt inhibits quorum sensing signals of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt (Standard)
  • HY-182683
    MMV085203
    		Inducer
    MMV085203 is a potent Plasmodium falciparum inhibitor, with a PfTrxR EC50 of 900 nM. MMV085203 exerts potent antimalarial activity against both blood‑stage and sexual‑stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites, with superior efficacy toward clinical isolates of high clonal diversity. MMV085203 modulates parasite redox homeostasis, induces ROS production, and elevates mitochondrial TCA cycle intermediates. MMV085203 can be used for the research of malaria.
    MMV085203
  • HY-B0166AR
    L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt (Standard)
    L-Ascorbic acid (sodium salt) (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Ascorbic acid (sodium salt). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt (Sodium ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt selectively inhibits Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor.
    L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt (Standard)
  • HY-W008927
    Fluoxastrobin
    		Activator
    Fluoxastrobin is a fungicide. By binding to NAD-dependent epimerase/dehydratase, Fluoxastrobin interferes with electron transport, reduces ATP production and inhibits mycelial growth, thereby effectively controlling foliar diseases of tea plants. Fluoxastrobin induces oxidative stress by increasing ROS levels and lipid peroxidation, causes DNA damage and promotes apoptosis; meanwhile, it shows high acute toxicity to Danio rerio embryos and larvae. Fluoxastrobin can be used in research related to tea foliar diseases (including tea red leaf spot and tea gray leaf spot).
    Fluoxastrobin
  • HY-100512R
    Benzenepentacarboxylic Acid (Standard)
    Benzenepentacarboxylic Acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Benzenepentacarboxylic Acid (HY-100512). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Benzenepentacarboxylic acid is a fluorescent dye that detects and scavenge HO radicals.
    Benzenepentacarboxylic Acid (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity