2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Related Products

PDF 16.38 MB

Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0764B
    Bucladesine
    		Inducer
    Bucladesine (Dibutyryl cAMP; DBcAMP) is a membrane-permeable 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analog. Bucladesine selectively activates cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) by increasing the intracellular level of cAMP. Bucladesine significantly attenuates MDMA-induced increases in hippocampal mitochondrial ROS formation, mitochondrial outer membrane damage, cytochrome c release, and hippocampal ADP/ATP ratio, thereby improving spatial learning and memory impairments. Bucladesine exhibit anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammation effect. Bucladesine can inhibit cancer cells proliferation, induce apoptosis. Bucladesine can be used for the researches of neurological disease, cancer, inflammation.
    Bucladesine
  • HY-N2342R
    Procyanidin C1 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Procyanidin C1 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Procyanidin C1. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Procyanidin C1 (PCC1), a natural polyphenol with oral activity, causes DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis. Procyanidin C1 decreases the level of Bcl-2, but enhances BAX, caspase 3 and 9 expression in cancer cells. Procyanidin C1 shows senotherapeutic activity and increases lifespan in mice.
    Procyanidin C1 (Standard)
  • HY-13271AG
    Tubastatin A (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Tubastatin A (GMP) is the Tubastatin A (HY-13271A) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules work appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Tubastatin A is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A (GMP)
  • HY-171737
    Anti-SLC34A2 (Lifastuzumab)-McMMAF
    		Inducer
    Anti-SLC34A2 (Lifastuzumab)-McMMAF is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of the humanized anti-SLC34A2 (sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2) antibody Lifastuzumab (HY-P99970) conjugated to the protective group maleimidocaproyl and the tubulin inhibitor MMAF (HY-15579). The ADC toxic molecule and linker part McMMAF (HY-15578). Anti-SLC34A2 (Lifastuzumab)-McMMAF induces apoptosis and can be used in cancer research.
    Anti-SLC34A2 (Lifastuzumab)-McMMAF
  • HY-181130
    Anticancer agent 299
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 299 (compound P12) is a cell-cycle inhibitor, senescence inducer, apoptosis inducer, and antiproliferative agent. Anticancer agent 299 exhibits selective activity against cancer cells with minimal effects on non-tumoral chondrocyte cells at relevant concentrations. Anticancer agent 299 can be used for the research of ER+/HER2− breast cancer and BRAF-mutant melanoma.
    Anticancer agent 299
  • HY-125058
    Kinamycin C
    		Inducer
    Kinamycin C is a bacterial metabolite containing a diazo group with anticancer activities. Kinamycin C induces a rapid apoptotic response in K562 cells.
    Kinamycin C
  • HY-B0905AR
    Tilmicosin phosphate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Tilmicosin (phosphate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tilmicosin (phosphate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tilmicosin (LY-177370) phosphate is an orally active calcium channel antagonist and macrolide antibiotic with antimicrobial activity. Tilmicosin phosphate mainly acts on the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis. Tilmicosin phosphate is effective in the treatment of respiratory diseases in livestock such as cattle, sheep and pigs. In addition, Tilmicosin phosphate has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.
    Tilmicosin phosphate (Standard)
  • HY-138135
    OP-1118
    		Inhibitor
    OP-1118 (Fidaxomicin metabolite OP-1118) is an orally active dual inhibitor of NF-κB and ERK1/2, with low systemic plasma exposure, no accumulation, and primary excretion via feces. By inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-κB and ERK1/2 and reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, OP-1118 exerts significant anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic and antibacterial activities. In Clostridium difficile infection models, OP-1118 effectively blocks toxin-mediated intestinal inflammation, cell rounding, histological damage and apoptosis, and its protective effect can be reversed by PMA (HY-18739).
    OP-1118
  • HY-19345
    Vacquinol-1
    		Inducer 99.33%
    Vacquinol-1 (NSC13316) is a MKK4-specific activator that activates the MAPK pathway. Vacquinol-1 inhibits the growth, migration and colony formation, and induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Vacquinol-1 is applicable to research related to cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Vacquinol-1
  • HY-146095
    p53 Activator 2
    		Inducer
    p53 Activator 2 (compound 10ah) intercalats into DNA and results in significant DNA double-strand break.p53 Activator 2 increases the expression of p53, p-p53, CDK4, p21 to cause cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase.p53 Activator 2 induce apoptosis and significantly down-regulates the anti-apoptosis proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and the levels of cyclin B1.p53 Activator 2 has anti-proliferation activity against MGC-803 cells, with an IC50 of 1.73 µM. p53 Activator 2 displays potent anticancer efficiency against MGC-803 xenograft tumors models.
    p53 Activator 2
  • HY-Y0842S4
    Formamide-d1
    Formamide-d1 is the deuterium labeled Formamide (HY-Y0842). Formamide is an effective DNA denaturant that significantly reduces the stability of DNA in buffer solutions. Formamide can also be used as a decalcifying agent for rat cardiac cells. Additionally, formamide is widely used as a solvent or chemical raw material for ion compounds, resins, and plasticizers.
    Formamide-d<sub>1</sub>
  • HY-40354S1
    Tofacitinib-13C3,15N
    		Inducer 99.57%
    Tofacitinib-13C3,15N (Tasocitinib-13C3,15N) is 13C and 15N labeled Tofacitinib. Tofacitinib is an orally available JAK3/2/1 inhibitor with IC50s of 1, 20, and 112 nM, respectively.
    Tofacitinib-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-108692R
    Enterolactone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Enterolactone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Enterolactone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Enterolactone is a bioactive phenolic metabolite known as a mammalian lignan derived from dietary lignans. Enterolactone has estrogenic properties and anti-breast cancer activity. Enterolactone is a radiosensitizer for human breast cancer cell lines through impaired DNA repair and increased apoptosis.
    Enterolactone (Standard)
  • HY-173124
    CDK2/FLT4/PDGFRA-IN-1
    		Inducer
    CDK2/FLT4/PDGFRA-IN-1 (Compound 4a) is a potent inhibitor of CDK2/cyclin A, FLT4 (VEGFR3) and PDGFRA, with IC50s of 1.672, 0.554, and 0.629 μM, respectively. CDK2/FLT4/PDGFRA-IN-1 exhibits potent antiproliferative effects against cancer cells (lung EBC-1, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma AsPC-1, colorectal HT-29 cells). CDK2/FLT4/PDGFRA-IN-1 can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
    CDK2/FLT4/PDGFRA-IN-1
  • HY-N1429S
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d9 sodium
    		Inducer 98.20%
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d9 (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium salt (12-Deoxycholyltaurine sodium salt) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties.
    Taurochenodeoxycholic acid-d<sub>9</sub> sodium
  • HY-172201
    NF-κB-IN-19
    		Inducer
    NF-κB-IN-19 (Compound 8) is an NF-κB inhibitor. NF-κB-IN-19 effectively induces DNA damage, promotes the generation of ROS, and induces autophagy and apoptosis through the NF-κB signaling pathway in tumor cells. In addition, NF-κB-IN-19 can inhibit the levels of VEGF and HIF-1α, and exert antiproliferative activity in tumor cells through the PI3K/AKT and STAT-3 pathways. NF-κB-IN-19 can effectively overcome cisplatin resistance and has anti-tumor activity.
    NF-κB-IN-19
  • HY-W654256
    Matrine-d3
    Matrine-d3 (Matridin-d3) is a deuterium labeled Matrine (HY-N0164). Matrine (Matridin-15-one) is an alkaloid found in plants from the Sophora genus that can act as a kappa opioid receptor and u-receptor agonist. Matrine has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis effects. Matrine is potential in the research of disease like human non-small cell lung cancer, hepatoma, papillary thyroid cancer and acute kidney injury (AKI).
    Matrine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-103256
    2,3-DCPE
    		Inducer
    2,3-DCPE induces apoptosis and downregulates Bcl-XL expression. 2,3-DCPE has anti-tumor activity and can be used in cancer research.
    2,3-DCPE
  • HY-124896
    Bonannione A
    		Inducer 98%
    Bonannione A (6-Geranylnaringenin; Mimulone), a prenylflavonoid, is an orally active and potent protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor with an IC50 of 14 µM. Bonannione A triggers caspase-dependent apoptosis. Bonannione A induces autophagy through p53-mediated AMPK/mTOR pathway. Bonannione A shows anti-inflammatory, antiradical and anti-cancer activity.
    Bonannione A
  • HY-146362
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-17
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-17 (compound 23g) is a potent inhibitor of tubulin polymerization. Tubulin polymerization-IN-17 exhibits tubulin depolymerization and induced cell apoptosis and inhibits migration. Tubulin polymerization-IN-17 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases.
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-17
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity