2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-168096
    iNOs-IN-5
    		Inhibitor
    iNOs-IN-5 (Compound BN-4) is an inhibitor for iNOS with an IC50 of 0.1707 μM, and reduces NO levels in LPS (HT-D1056)-induced RAW264.7 cells. iNOs-IN-5 reduces the hypoxic injury stimulated ROS and lactate dehydrogenase expression, and exhibits anti-necrosis and anti-apoptosis efficacy. iNOs-IN-5 exhibits anti-cerebral ischemia and neuroprotective activities in SD rat models. iNOs-IN-5 is blood-brain barrier penetrable.
    iNOs-IN-5
  • HY-163278
    Lck-IN-2
    		Inducer
    Lck-IN-2 (compound 12a) is an inhibitor of Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) with IC50 of 10.6 nM. Lck-IN-2 reveals efficacy in colon cancer cells with GI50s of 0.24-1.26 μM. Lck-IN-2 exhibits an apoptotic effect in Colo201 cells.
    Lck-IN-2
  • HY-114977R
    Avenanthramide A (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Avenanthramide A (Standard) is the analytical standard of Avenanthramide A. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Avenanthramide A is an orally active phytoalexin that targets the RNA helicase DDX3 with a KD of 8.8 μM. Avenanthramide A induces mitochondrial swelling and increased ROS production, and triggers apoptosis in CRC cells. Avenanthramide A inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and enhances nitric oxide production. Avenanthramide A can be used in research on colorectal cancer and atherosclerosis.
    Avenanthramide A (Standard)
  • HY-172910
    MTHFD2-IN-6
    		Inducer
    MTHFD2-IN-6 is an orally active selective inhibitor of MTHFD2, with a human IC50 of 1.46 μM. MTHFD2-IN-6 binds directly to MTHFD2, selectively inhibits cancer cell proliferation, promotes ROS accumulation in cancer cells, and induces cancer cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. MTHFD2-IN-6 inhibits tumor growth in Mus musculus xenograft models. MTHFD2-IN-6 can be used for lung cancer research.
    MTHFD2-IN-6
  • HY-178438
    Mer/c-Met-IN-1
    		Inducer
    Mer/c-Met-IN-1 is a potent Mer/c-met dual inhibitor with IC50 values of 1 and 19 nM. Mer/c-Met-IN-1 can inhibit cancer cells proliferation, migration and induce apoptosis. Mer/c-Met-IN-1 can be used for the research of cancer, such as colon cancer.
    Mer/c-Met-IN-1
  • HY-123244
    YC137
    		Inducer
    YC137 is a potent Bcl-2 antagonist with Kis of 1.3 μM and >100 μM for Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL when assayed in Bis-Tris buffer, respectively. YC137 inhibits the binding of the Bid BH3 peptide to Bcl-2, thus disrupting an interaction essential for the antiapoptotic activity of Bcl-2. YC137 selectively induces apoptosis of Bcl-2-dependent cells. YC137 has the potential for breast cancer research.
    YC137
  • HY-P10851
    HVEM(14-39)
    		Inducer
    HVEM(14-39) is a B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) peptide inhibitor. HVEM (14-39) can be combined with BTLA with a KD of 0.102 μM. HVEM(14-39) enhances the activation and proliferation of T cells by regulating the expression of BTLA and HVEM in T cells, and promotes the transformation of cells into effector memory T cells. HVEM(14-39) inhibits tumor cell proliferation and promotes late apoptosis. HVEM(14-39) has immunomodulatory effects and can be used in the study of cancer.
    HVEM(14-39)
  • HY-P3528
    GPR
    GPR is a three amino acid peptide. GPR can rescue cultured rat hippocampal neurons from Aβ-induced neuronal death by inhibiting caspase-3/p53 dependent apoptosis. GPR can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
    GPR
  • HY-18964G
    MG-101 (GMP)
    		Inducer
    MG-101 (GMP) (Calpain inhibitor I (GMP)) is MG-101 (HY-18964) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. MG-101 (ALLN) is an inhibitor of cysteine proteases which inhibits calpain I, calpain II, cathepsin B and cathepsin L with Kis of 190, 220, 150 and 500 pM, respectively. MG-101 induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth, it can be used for the research of colon cancer.
    MG-101 (GMP)
  • HY-143491
    VS 8
    		Inducer
    VS 8 (Compound VS 8) is a potent, orally active VEGFR-2 inhibitor with significant anti-angiogenic effects. VS 8 induces cancer cell apoptosis and migration. VS 8 is active against CSCs (Cancer stem cells).
    VS 8
  • HY-N9271R
    Grifolin (Standard)
    		Agonist
    Flumethasone pivalate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Flumethasone pivalate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Flumethasone pivalate is a glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester. Flumetasone pivalate has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive activities.
    Grifolin (Standard)
  • HY-155203
    Anticancer agent 154
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 154 (Compound 8h) increases the levels of reactive oxygen species and leads to mitochondrial damage. Anticancer agent 154 induces cell apoptosis and DNA damage. Anticancer agent 154 also induces ferroptosis by reducing the GSH level and GPX4 expression and increasing the lipid peroxidation level. Anticancer agent 154 inhibits cancer cell (HT29, H1975, A549, and MCF-7) proliferation with IC50s of 1.0-1.9 μM.
    Anticancer agent 154
  • HY-179585
    DD-CIP2
    		Inducer
    DD-CIP2 is a DNA damage and apoptosis inducer. DD-CIP2 demonstrates effective anti-proliferative activity against multiple cancer cell. DD-CIP2 modulates the DNA damage response pathway, triggering robust DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in vitro. DD-CIP2 demonstrates significant anti-tumor efficacy in vivo at well-tolerated doses, without substantial toxicity. DD-CIP2 exhibits superior cytotoxic potency against a broad panel of blood-and solid-tumor-derived cancer cell lines independent of their BRCA1/2 status. DD-CIP2 can be used for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) research.
    DD-CIP2
  • HY-17408R
    Mevastatin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Mevastatin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mevastatin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mevastatin (Compactin) is a first HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that belongs to the statins class. Mevastatin is a lipid-lowering agent, and induces apoptosis, arrests cancer cells in G0/G1 phase. Mevastatin also increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein levels. Mevastatin has antitumor activity and has the potential for cardiovascular diseases treatment.
    Mevastatin (Standard)
  • HY-W584523
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA is an E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and NH-PEG3-NH-Boc. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA acts as a ligand for Cereblon to recruit CRBN protein. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA
  • HY-125588R
    Chromium picolinate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Chromium picolinate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chromium picolinate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chromium picolinate (Chromium (III) picolinate) is a compound that has oral activity. Chromium picolinate induces apoptosis. Chromium picolinate is the activator of p38 MAPK. Chromium picolinate has antioxidant activity. Chromium picolinate can be used in research on type 2 diabetes.
    Chromium picolinate (Standard)
  • HY-144331
    Antitumor agent-42
    		Activator
    Antitumor agent-42 (Compound 15h) is a bifunctional agent exhibiting both tubulin polymerized inhibition and NO-releasing activities, resulting in potent anti-angiogenesis, colony formation inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction effects.
    Antitumor agent-42
  • HY-101999
    EM20-25
    		Inducer
    EM20-25 is an inhibitor for Bcl-2, which interferes with the interaction between BCL-2 and BAX, activates caspase-9 and thus induces the apoptosis. EM20-25 affects the mitochondrial function, causes the open of permeability transition pore (PTP). EM20-25 enhances the sensitivity of cells to Staurosporine (HY-15141), and enhances the killing effect of BCL-2-expressing leukemia cells to Chlorambucil (HY-13593) and Fludarabine (HY-B0069).
    EM20-25
  • HY-168073
    EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-1
    		Inducer
    EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-1 (Compound 10e) is a VEGFR-2 and EGFR inhibitor (IC50: 0.26 and 0.14 μM respectively). EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-1 inhibits tubulin polymerization with an IC50 of 40.9 μM. EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-1 induces apoptosis. EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-1 can be used for research of antileukemia and antilymphoma.
    EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-1
  • HY-17658
    Apiol analog-1
    		Inducer
    Apiol analog-1 (Compound 2b) is an analog of Apiol (HY-135217). Apiole is an anti-tumor agent that induces apoptosis and inhibits human colon cancer cells by inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Apiole also significantly inhibited colon tumor development in an in vivo mouse xenograft model.
    Apiol analog-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity