2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-121726
    3HOI-BA-01
    		Inducer
    3HOI-BA-01 is amTORinhibitor.3HOI-BA-01reduces infarct size and inducedautophagyin a murine myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury model.
    3HOI-BA-01
  • HY-N0656AR
    (+)-Usnic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    (+)-Usnic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of (+)-Usnic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (+)-Usnic acid is isolated from isolated from lichens, binds at the ATP-binding pocket of mTOR, and inhibits mTORC1/2 activity. (+)-Usnic acid inhibits the phosphorylation of mTOR downstream effectors: Akt (Ser473), 4EBP1, S6K, induces autophay, with anti-cancer activity. (+)-Usnic acid possesses antimicrobial activity against a number of planktonic gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium.
    (+)-Usnic acid (Standard)
  • HY-16562AR
    Irinotecan hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Irinotecan (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Irinotecan (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Irinotecan hydrochloride ((+)-Irinotecan hydrochloride) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor mainly used to treat colon cancer and rectal cancer.
    Irinotecan hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-W744064
    Diethylstilbestrol-d4
    Diethylstilbestrol-d4 is the deuterium labeled Diethylstilbestrol (HY-14598). Diethylstilbestrol is a non-steroidal female hormone that has oral activity and can act on menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. Diethylstilbestrol can induce DNA oxidation and?Apoptosis?of spermatogonial stem cells. Diethylstilbestrol can induce thymocyte?Autophagy?Diethylstilbestrol is a?11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2)?inhibitor.
    Diethylstilbestrol-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-138851
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C5-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C5-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-C5-NH2
  • HY-176239
    PROTAC PI3Kδ degrader-1
    		Inducer
    PROTAC PI3Kδ degrader-1 is a Lysine-targeted covalent PI3Kδ PROTAC degrader with a DC50 of 3.98 nM. PROTAC PI3Kδ degrader-1 has a potent antiproliferative activity and selective PI3Kδ inhibition (IC50: 8 nM). PROTAC PI3Kδ degrader-1 also significantly degrades p-AKT, induces cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and prompts cell apoptosis and autophagy. PROTAC PI3Kδ degrader-1 effectively inhibits the tumor growth in SU-DHL-6 xenograft mice model. Pink: PI3Kδ ligand (HY-169983); Blue: VHL ligase ligand (HY-112078); Black: linker (HY-W013381)
    PROTAC PI3Kδ degrader-1
  • HY-17577R
    Berberine chloride hydrate (Standard)
    		Modulator
    Berberine (chloride hydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Berberine (chloride hydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Berberine chloride hydrate (Natural Yellow 18 chloride hydrate) is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride hydrate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties[1].
    Berberine chloride hydrate (Standard)
  • HY-13768S2
    Topotecan-d6 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Topotecan-d6 dihydrochloride (SKF 104864A-d6 dihydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Topotecan dihydrochloride. Topotecan (SKF 104864A; NSC 609669) is an orally active and potent Topoisomerase I inhibitor. Topotecan induces cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and S phases and promotes apoptosis. Topotecan shows anticancer activity.
    Topotecan-d<sub>6</sub> dihydrochloride
  • HY-Y1362R
    Ethyl pyruvate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ethyl pyruvate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ethyl pyruvate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ethyl pyruvate is a simple derivative of the endogenous metabolite pyruvate. Ethyl pyruvate is an HMGB1 release inhibitor. Ethyl pyruvate can induce apoptosis by autophagy. Ethyl pyruvate has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor activity. Ethyl pyruvate can be used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
    Ethyl pyruvate (Standard)
  • HY-183867
    ATG5 PPI-IN-6
    		Inhibitor
    ATG5 PPI-IN-6 (Compound 17a) is an inhibitor of ATG5 interactions with other proteins, with an IC50 value of 26.92 μM against ATG5-ATG16L1 and 16.34 μM against ATG5-TECAIR. ATG5 PPI-IN-6 inhibits Autophagy in cells.
    ATG5 PPI-IN-6
  • HY-17386S2
    Rosiglitazone-d4-1
    		Inducer
    Rosiglitazone-d4-1 (BRL 49653-d4-1) is deuterium-labeled Rosiglitazone (HY-17386).
    Rosiglitazone-d<sub>4</sub>-1
  • HY-183807
    T1742
    		Inhibitor
    T1742 is an autophagy inhibitor targeting ATG5. T1742 blocks and disrupts protein-protein interactions between ATG5 and ATG16L1, and between ATG5 and TECAIR.T 1742 inhibits autophagy in living cells via reduced autophagosome formation and downregulated ATG8-PE conjugation. T1742 can be used to study autophagy mechanisms.
    T1742
  • HY-101200R
    Linsidomine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Linsidomine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Linsidomine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Linsidomine hydrochloride (SIN-1 chloride) is a spontaneous ROS/RNS generator and peroxynitrite donor. Linsidomine hydrochloride is a vasodilator and platelet aggregation inhibitor. Linsidomine hydrochloride induces oxidative stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and necrosis. Linsidomine hydrochloride inhibits the migration, proliferation and neointima formation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the expression of annexin A2. In addition, low doses of Linsidomine hydrochloride shows protective effects on Zn2+ treated nerve cells.
    Linsidomine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N0289R
    Lycorine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Lycorine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lycorine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lycorine hydrochloride is the main active ingredient of the herbal medicine derived from Lycoris radiata (L’Her.) Herb. and is also a melanoma vasculogenic inhibitor and has anti-tumor activity. Lycorine hydrochloride effectively inhibits mitotic proliferation of Hey1B cells (IC50 of 1.2 μM).
    Lycorine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N0269R
    Echinatin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Echinatin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Echinatin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Echinatin is a chalcone isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Gancao with hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Echinatin can be quickly absorbed and eliminated and extensively distributed with an absolute bioavailability of approximately 6.81% in Rat.
    Echinatin (Standard)
  • HY-N0413R
    Hupehenine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Hupehenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hupehenine (HY-N0413). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hupehenine is an orally active isosteroidal alkaloid that can be extracted from F. hupehensis. Hupehenine exhibits activities such as antitussive, expectorant, anticancer, and antiparasitic. In vitro, Hupehenine can also inhibit α-synuclein seeded fibril formation, making it applicable for the research of Parkinson's disease and other related disorders.
    Hupehenine (Standard)
  • HY-161816
    PI3K/AKT-IN-3
    		Inducer
    PI3K/AKT-IN-3 (compound 8C) can induce autophagy and apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PI3K/AKT-IN-3 can be used in cancer research.
    PI3K/AKT-IN-3
  • HY-N8290R
    Lactupicrin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Lactupicrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lactupicrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lactupicrin (Lactucopicrin) exhibits analgesic, sedative, antimalarial activities and atheroprotective effect. Lactupicrin inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 of 150.3 μM. Lactupicrin is an orally active characteristic bitter sesquiterpene lactone.
    Lactupicrin (Standard)
  • HY-18293
    NSC 33994
    		Inducer
    NSC 33994 (G6) is a selective JAK2 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 60 nM.
    NSC 33994
  • HY-141649
    Anticancer agent 251
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 251 (compound 7j) can induce cell death of bladder cancer cell T24 by inducing apoptosis, autophagy or ferroptosis.
    Anticancer agent 251
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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