2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B1490R
    Imipramine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Imipramine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Imipramine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Imipramine hydrochloride is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine hydrochloride is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine hydrochloride also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine hydrochloride stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine hydrochloride shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.
    Imipramine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-134983
    Thalidomide-Piperazine 5-fluoride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride is a synthetic E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate, containing a cereblon ligand based on Thalidomide (HY-14658) and one linker. Thalidomide-piperazine hydrochloride can be used in studies related to PROTAC synthesis.
    Thalidomide-Piperazine 5-fluoride
  • HY-173572
    SKLB-11A
    		Activator 99.40%
    SKLB-11A is a selective, orally active and allosteric SIRT3 (sirtuin 3) agonist with a Kd value of 4.7 μM. SKLB-11A is highly selective for other members of the SIRT family. SKLB-11A activates autophagy-related signaling pathways, prevents mitochondrial dysfunction, improves cardiac function in Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced cardiotoxicity and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion models.
    SKLB-11A
  • HY-17363S1
    Dimethyl fumarate-d2
    		99.00%
    Dimethyl fumarate-d2 is the deuterium labeled Dimethyl fumarate. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally active and brain-penetrant Nrf2 activator and induces upregulation of antioxidant gene expression. Dimethyl fumarate induces necroptosis in colon cancer cells through GSH depletion/ROS increase/MAPKs activation pathway, and also induces cell autophagy. Dimethyl fumarate can be used for multiple sclerosis research.
    Dimethyl fumarate-d<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-17355B
    Dexpramipexole
    		Inhibitor 99.56%
    Dexpramipexole ((R)-Pramipexole) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable mitochondrial protective agent. Dexpramipexole upregulates the expression of Parkin, PINK1, GPX4 and FSP1; binds to mitochondrial F1/Fo-ATP synthase; blocks the Nav1.8 sodium channel; and inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Dexpramipexole induces mitophagy, inhibits ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and eosinophilopoiesis; maintains mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis; reduces reactive oxygen species production; and decreases myocardial infarct size. Dexpramipexole is applicable to studies on eosinophilic asthma, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, analgesia, and more.
    Dexpramipexole
  • HY-B0113R
    Omeprazole (Standard)
    Omeprazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Omeprazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Omeprazole (H 16868) is an orally active H+,K+-ATPase inhibitor and a proton pump inhibitor. Omeprazole competitively inhibits CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 activity. Omeprazole inhibits gastric acid secretion and can be used for acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, autophagosome accumulation (elevated LC3-I and LC3-II levels), oxidative stress, and cytogenetic imbalance, modulates lysosomal transport, reduces inflammatory cytokines. Omeprazole alters small intestinal morphology and magnesium absorption, and induces gastric mucosa morphologic changes. Omeprazole aslo has neuroprotective and antibacterial effects.
    Omeprazole (Standard)
  • HY-13765R
    6-Thioguanine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    6-Thioguanine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 6-Thioguanine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 6-Thioguanine (Thioguanine; 2-Amino-6-purinethiol) is an anti-leukemia and immunosuppressant agent, acts as an inhibitor of SARS and MERS coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLpros) and also potently inhibits USP2 activity, with IC50s of 25 μM and 40 μM for Plpros and recombinant human USP2, respectively.
    6-Thioguanine (Standard)
  • HY-10455R
    Carfilzomib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Carfilzomib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Carfilzomib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Carfilzomib (PR-171) is an irreversible proteasome inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM in ANBL-6 and RPMI 8226 cells.
    Carfilzomib (Standard)
  • HY-Z3832
    N-Methylparoxetine
    		Inhibitor 99.97%
    N-Methylparoxetine is a derivative of Paroxetine that induces Apoptosis NSCLC cells by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK). N-Methylparoxetine has antitumor activity.
    N-Methylparoxetine
  • HY-B1773AS3
    Sodium propionate-13C3
    		Activator 99.45%
    Sodium propionate-13C-3 is the 13C-labeled Propionate sodium (HY-B1773A). Sodium propionate is an orally active short-chain fatty acid. Sodium propionate can be produced by intestinal bacteria from the metabolism of dietary fiber. Sodium propionate increases PPAR-γ, inhibits NF-κB activation, and reduces COX-2 expression and NO production. Sodium propionate also induces Apoptosis and Autophagy. Sodium propionate reduces HSV-1-induced keratitis. Sodium propionate has anticancer effects against glioblastoma. Sodium propionate exhibits neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Sodium propionate can be used in the research of spinal cord injury and Alzheimer's disease.
    Sodium propionate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-120111
    MW-150
    		99.89%
    MW150 (MW01-18-150SRM) is a selective, CNS penetrant, and orally active inhibitor of p38α MAPK with a Ki of 101 nM. MW-150 inhibits the ability of the endogenous p38α MAPK to phosphorylate an endogenous substrate MK2 in activated glia.
    MW-150
  • HY-19740
    BIA 10-2474
    		98.74%
    BIA 10-2474 is an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) with IC50 values of 50 to 70mg/kg in various rat brain regions.
    BIA 10-2474
  • HY-124136
    WYC-209
    		99.82%
    WYC-209, a synthetic retinoid, is a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist. WYC-209 induces apoptosis primarily via the caspase 3 pathway (IC50=0.19 μM for inmalignant murine melanoma TRCs), and has long-term effects with little toxicity.
    WYC-209
  • HY-111411
    IZCZ-3
    		99.74%
    IZCZ-3 is a potent c-MYC transcription inhibitor with antitumor activity.
    IZCZ-3
  • HY-14305A
    BMS-582949 hydrochloride
    		98.90%
    BMS-582949 hydrochloride is an orally active and highly selective p38α MAPK inhibitor, with an IC50 of 13 nM. BMS-582949 hydrochloride displays a significantly improved pharmacokinetic profile and is effective in inflammatory disease.
    BMS-582949 hydrochloride
  • HY-136166
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-propionic acid
    		Inducer 99.63%
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-propionic acid is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 3-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-propionic acid
  • HY-138777
    Thalidomide-Propargyne-PEG2-COOH
    		Inducer 98.73%
    Thalidomide-Propargyne-PEG2-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology. Thalidomide-Propargyne-PEG2-COOH is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Thalidomide-Propargyne-PEG2-COOH
  • HY-17364S
    Temozolomide-d3
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Temozolomide-d3 is the deuterium labeled Temozolomide. Temozolomide (NSC 362856) is an oral active DNA alkylating agent that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Temozolomide is also a proautophagic and proapoptotic agent. Temozolomide is effective against tumor cells that are characterized by low levels of O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (OGAT) and a functional mismatch repair system. Temozolomide has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects.
    Temozolomide-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-15463S1
    Imatinib-d4
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Imatinib-d4 (STI571-d4) is a deuterium labeled Imatinib (STI571). Imatinib is an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinases inhibitor that selectively inhibits BCR/ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR and c-kit kinase activity.
    Imatinib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-W129872
    Thalidomide-5-CH2-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.55%
    Thalidomide-5-CH2-NH2 (hydrochloride) is the Thalidomide-based cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-5-CH2-NH2 (hydrochloride) can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-5-CH2-NH2 hydrochloride
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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