2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0853A
    Alisol A 24-acetate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Alisol A 24-acetate (Alisol A monoacetate) is an orally active derivative of protostane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid. Alisol A 24-acetate upregulates the expression of adiponectin, AMPKα, CPT1, and ACOX1; downregulates the expression of SREBP-1c, ACC, FAS, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, PPAR-γ, perilipin A, and NFATc1; inhibits the activity of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and HMGR; and activates the PKA and ERK signaling pathways. Alisol A 24-acetate regulates cell apoptosis (apoptosis), autophagy (Autophagy, hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, neuroprotection, MRSA membrane integrity, and osteoclast differentiation. Alisol A 24-acetate can be used in research related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, nephrotoxicity, obesity, global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, bacterial infection, and osteoporosis.
    Alisol A 24-acetate
  • HY-B1140R
    Diazoxide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Diazoxide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diazoxide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diazoxide (Sch-6783) is an ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator, has the potential for hyperinsulinism treatment.
    Diazoxide (Standard)
  • HY-17514R
    Itraconazole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Itraconazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Itraconazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Itraconazole (R51211) is a triazole antifungal agent and a potent and orally active Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway antagonist with an IC50 of ~800 nM. Itraconazole potently inhibits lanosterol 14α-demethylase (cytochrome P450 enzyme), thereby inhibits the oxidative conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. Itraconazole has anticancer and antiangiogenic effects. Itraconazole is a oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) inhibitor.
    Itraconazole (Standard)
  • HY-P3003
    Cereulide
    		Inducer
    Cereulide is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable emetic toxin. Cereulide acts as a potassium ionophore that inserts into membranes, forms complexes with K+, and transports K+ from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Cereulide disrupts the electrochemical gradient of the inner mitochondrial membrane, leading to mitochondrial swelling and dysfunction, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of ATP synthesis, ROS accumulation, and ultimately triggering apoptosis and autophagy. Cereulide exhibits multi-organ toxicity and can be used for research on emetic food poisoning.
    Cereulide
  • HY-12008R
    Erlotinib Hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Erlotinib (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Erlotinib (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Erlotinib Hydrochloride (CP-358774 Hydrochloride) inhibits purified EGFR kinase with an IC50 of 2 nM. Erlotinib (Hydrochloride) is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Erlotinib Hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-19778A
    BPO-27 racemate
    		98.50%
    BPO-27 racemate is a potent CFTR inhibitor with an IC50 of 8 nM.
    BPO-27 racemate
  • HY-10219GL
    Rapamycin (GMP Like)
    		Inducer
    Rapamycin (Sirolimus) GMP Like is Rapamycin (HY-10219) produced by using GMP like guidelines. GMP Like small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant.
    Rapamycin (GMP Like)
  • HY-N0733S3
    Glucosamine-6-13C hydrochloride
    		98.0%
    Glucosamine-6-13C (hydrochloride) is the 13C labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as
    Glucosamine-6-<sup>13</sup>C hydrochloride
  • HY-15184
    Elaiophylin
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Elaiophylin (Azalomycin B; Gopalamicin; Efomycin E) is an autophagy inhibitor, exerts antitumor activity as a single agent in ovarian cancer cells.
    Elaiophylin
  • HY-173119
    SKLB-D18
    		Agonist 98.06%
    SKLB-D18 is an orally active ERK1/2/ERK5 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 38.69 nM and a Kd of 126.9 nM against human ERK1, an IC50 of 40.12 nM and a Kd of 209.8 nM against ERK2, and an IC50 of 59.72 nM and a Kd of 468.2 nM against ERK5. SKLB-D18 inhibits cancer cell proliferation, induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. SKLB-D18 reduces the levels of p-ERK5, p-RSKp90, p-c-Myc and c-Myc, and upregulates the level of p-ERK1/2, thereby inhibiting the ERK1/2/5 pathway in cells. SKLB-D18 increases LC3B-II accumulation, and decreases the levels of p62, p-mTOR and p-p70S6K. SKLB-D18 elevates the levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation and free ferrous ions, reduces the levels of NCOA4 and GPX4, and induces ferritin autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in cancer cells. SKLB-D18 exhibits antitumor activity in a triple-negative breast cancer xenograft mouse model. SKLB-D18 can be used in research related to triple-negative breast cancer.
    SKLB-D18
  • HY-13636S
    Fulvestrant-d3
    		Inducer
    Fulvestrant-d3 is the deuterium labeled Fulvestrant. Fulvestrant (ICI 182780) is a pure antiestrogen and a potent estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist with an IC50 of 9.4 nM. Fulvestrant is also a GPR30 agonist. Fulvestrant effectively inhibits the growth of ER-positive MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of 0.29 nM. Fulvestrant also induces autophagy and has antitumor efficacy.
    Fulvestrant-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-108701
    Nampt-IN-3
    		Activator 98.97%
    Nampt-IN-3 (Compound 35) simultaneously inhibit nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and HDAC with IC50s of 31 nM and 55 nM, respectively. Nampt-IN-3 effectively induces cell apoptosis and autophagy and ultimately leads to cell death.
    Nampt-IN-3
  • HY-135811A
    Desethyl chloroquine diphosphate
    		Inhibitor 99.72%
    Desethyl chloroquine diphosphate is a major desethyl metabolite of Chloroquine. Chloroquine diphosphate is an inhibitor of autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Desethyl chloroquine diphosphate possesses antiplasmodic activity.
    Desethyl chloroquine diphosphate
  • HY-130952
    Thalidomide-O-C8-COOH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-C8-COOH is the Thalidomide-based Cereblon ligand used in the recruitment of CRBN protein. Thalidomide-O-C8-COOH (Cereblon ligand 3) can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-O-C8-COOH
  • HY-112711
    LV-320
    		Inhibitor
    LV-320 is a potent and uncompetitive ATG4B inhibitor with an IC50 of 24.5 μM and a Kd of 16 μM. LV-320 inhibits ATG4B enzymatic activity, blocks autophagic flux in cells, and is stable, non-toxic and active in vivo.
    LV-320
  • HY-B0228S4
    Adenosine-1′-13C
    Adenosine-1′-13C is the 13C labeled Adenosine. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiolo
    Adenosine-1′-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-122710A
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG4-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG4-C2-NH2 hydrochloride, a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker, can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG4-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-145260
    BRD4/CK2-IN-1
    		Inducer 98.21%
    BRD4/CK2-IN-1 is the first highly effective and oral active dual-target inhibitor of BRD4/CK2 (bromodomain-containing protein 4/casein kinase 2), with IC50s of 180 nM and 230 nM for BRD4 and CK2, respectively. BRD4/CK2-IN-1 has strong anticancer activity without obvious toxicities. BRD4/CK2-IN-1 induces apoptosis and autophagy-associated cell death in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)
    BRD4/CK2-IN-1
  • HY-112267
    Olacaftor
    		99.60%
    Olacaftor (VX-440) is a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator extracted from patent US9782408.
    Olacaftor
  • HY-134982
    Thalidomide-piperazine-Boc
    		Inducer 98.82%
    Thalidomide-piperazine-Boc is an intermediate that can be used in the synthesis of B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (BCL6) PROTAC.
    Thalidomide-piperazine-Boc
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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