2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-10336
    Brivanib (alaninate)
    		Activator 99.45%
    Brivanib alaninate (BMS-582664) is an ATP-competitive inhibitor against VEGFR2 with an IC50 of 25 nM; has moderate potency against VEGFR-1 and FGFR-1, but more than 240-fold against PDGFRβ.
    Brivanib (alaninate)
  • HY-N0780R
    Isoalantolactone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Isoalantolactone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isoalantolactone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isoalantolactone is an apoptosis inducer, which also acts as an alkylating agent.
    Isoalantolactone (Standard)
  • HY-138788
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG2-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG2-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG2-NH2
  • HY-17502S1
    Simvastatin-d3
    		98.61%
    Simvastatin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Simvastatin. Simvastatin (MK 733) is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a Ki of 0.2 nM.
    Simvastatin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0052
    Sanguinarine
    		Inducer
    Sanguinarine (Sanguinarin), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, can stimulate apoptosis via activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of JNK and NF-κB.
    Sanguinarine
  • HY-112600A
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG1-(C1-PEG)2-C2-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer 99.28%
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG1-(C1-PEG)2-C2-NH2 TFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 3-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG1-(C1-PEG)2-C2-NH2 TFA
  • HY-B0015S1
    Paclitaxel-d5 (benzoyloxy)
    		Inducer 98.12%
    Paclitaxel-d5 (benzoyloxy) is the deuterium labeled Paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is a naturally occurring antineoplastic agent and stabilizes tubulin polymerization. Paclitaxel can cause both mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death. Paclitaxel also induces autophagy.
    Paclitaxel-d<sub>5</sub> (benzoyloxy)
  • HY-18258S
    Berberine-d6 chloride
    		Modulator
    Berberine-d6 (chloride) is the deuterium labeled Berberine chloride. Berberine chloride is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties.
    Berberine-d<sub>6</sub> chloride
  • HY-N0733S5
    Glucosamine-13C6,15N hydrochloride
    Glucosamine-13C6,15N hydrochloride is the 13C and 15N labeled Glucosamine hydrochloride. Glucosamine hydrochloride (D-Glucosamine hydrochloride) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids.
    Glucosamine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N hydrochloride
  • HY-B0627S
    Metformin-d6
    		98.16%
    Metformin-d6 (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide-d6) is a deuterated labeled Metformin (HY-B0627). Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.
    Metformin-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-138771
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-COOH
    		Inducer 98.90%
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG3-COOH
  • HY-13223A
    Crenolanib benzenesulfonate
    		Inducer 99.45%
    Crenolanib benzenesulfonate is a potent and selective inhibitor of wild-type and mutant isoforms of the class III receptor tyrosine kinases FLT3 and PDGFRα/β with Kds of 0.74 nM and 2.1 nM/3.2 nM, respectively.
    Crenolanib benzenesulfonate
  • HY-14543S
    Sertindole-d4
    		Inducer 98.64%
    Sertindole-d4 is the deuterium labeled Sertindole. Sertindole, a neuroleptic, is one of the newer antipsychotic medications available.
    Sertindole-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-138776
    Thalidomide-Propargyne-PEG3-COOH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-Propargyne-PEG3-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology. Thalidomide-Propargyne-PEG3-COOH is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Thalidomide-Propargyne-PEG3-COOH
  • HY-10341C
    Fasudil dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Fasudil (HA-1077; AT877) dihydrochloride is a nonspecific RhoA/ROCK inhibitor and also has inhibitory effect on protein kinases, with an Ki of 0.33 μM for ROCK1, IC50s of 0.158 μM and 4.58 μM, 12.30 μM, 1.650 μM for ROCK2 and PKA, PKC, PKG, respectively. Fasudil dihydrochloride is also a potent Ca2+ channel antagonist and vasodilator.
    Fasudil dihydrochloride
  • HY-12687S
    Tizoxanide-d4
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Tizoxanide-d4 is the deuterium labeled Tizoxanide. Tizoxanide is the active metabolite of Nitazoxanide, which is a thiazolide anti-infective compound against anaerobic bacteria, protozoa, and a range of viruses. Tizoxanide has anti-HIV-1 activities.
    Tizoxanide-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-132405S
    Desmethyl Naproxen-d3
    		98.0%
    Desmethyl Naproxen-d3 is deuterium labeled Desmethyl Naproxen. Desmethyl Naproxen is the metabolite of anti-inflammatory agent Naproxen.
    Desmethyl Naproxen-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-138780
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG3-COOH
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG3-COOH is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG3-COOH
  • HY-107440A
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 98.29%
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 3-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-125381
    CFTR corrector 2
    		98.92%
    CFTR corrector 2 is a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance corrector (CFTR), extracted from patent US20140274933.
    CFTR corrector 2
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.