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Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a key cytokine regulating T cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival[1]. Mechanistically, IL-2 signals through the heterotrimeric IL-2 receptor complex, activating the JAK1/3-STAT5 pathway to induce transcription of genes critical for T cell expansion and function[1]. In disease models, IL-2 has been shown to drive regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion, contributing to immune homeostasis and suppression of autoimmunity, while its dysregulation is implicated in cancer and chronic inflammatory conditions[1]. Compared with related γ-chain cytokines, IL-2 exhibits unique receptor specificity and distinct downstream signaling kinetics, leading to selective activation of Tregs versus effector T cells[1]. Experimentally, IL-2 stimulation induces expression and unconventional secretion of IL-32β from T cells, highlighting a functional crosstalk between IL-2 signaling and proinflammatory cytokine networks[1]. Agonists and inhibitors of IL-2 or its receptor have been utilized to manipulate immune responses, providing platforms for preclinical models of autoimmunity, cancer immunotherapy, and T cell functional studies[1]. Therefore, IL-2 serves as both a central immunoregulatory factor and a practical tool for experimental modulation of T cell-mediated immunity[1].
Dupilumab (REGN-668) is a fully human mAb to IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) that inhibits both IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, markedly improved moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.
Sodium chloride, for cell culture is an orally active salt. Sodium chloride, for cell culture induces the expression of ATP1A1. Sodium chloride, for cell culture induces the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNFα, IL-9 and several chemokines. Sodium chloride, for cell culture enhances the anti-tumor activities of Digoxin (HY-B1049) against small cell lung cancer. Sodium chloride, for cell culture drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic Th17 cells.
Daclizumab (Ro 24-7375) is a humanized, monoclonal antibody that blocks CD25 (α-subunit of the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R-HA)). Daclizumab inhibits effector T cell activation, regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion and survival, and activation-induced T-cell apoptosis. Daclizumab increases IL-2 bioavailability to bind to the intermediate-affinity IL-2R (IL-2R-IA), driving the expansion of anti-inflammatory CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells. Daclizumab can be used for multiple sclerosis and cancer research.
Muromonab (Muromonab-CD3; OKT3) is a mouse monoclonal antibody targeting the CD3 antigen. Muromonab specifically binds to the CD3 antigen on the surface of human and higher primate T cells. Muromonab blocks the function of T cell receptors to recognize foreign antigens and inhibits T cell-mediated immune responses, including cell-mediated lymphocyte lysis and T cell proliferation responses. Muromonab can be used to study acute kidney, liver, heart and combined kidney-pancreas transplant rejection, and can also be used to study graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplant patients.
BIRT 377 is a potent amd orally bioavailable inhibitor of the interaction between intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). BIRT 377 also inhibits the production of IL-2 in vivo. BIRT 377 can be used for researching inflammatory and immune disorders.
HPK1-IN-68 (Compound 39) is a HPK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.8 nM. HPK1-IN-68 blocks HPK1 signaling, inhibits HPK1-mediated phosphorylation of SLP76, and promotes the production of the IL-2 cytokine. HPK1-IN-68 antagonizes the immunosuppressive effect mediated by PGE2. HPK1-IN-68 enhances the infiltration of CD3+/CD8+ T cells into tumor tissues. HPK1-IN-68 exerts T cell-dependent antitumor efficacy in a mouse colon cancer model. HPK1-IN-68 exhibits significant synergistic antitumor effects when used in combination with anti-PD-1. HPK1-IN-68 is applicable to research related to colon cancer.
JS007 is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody and also a CTLA-4 binder, with a Kd of 0.21 nM for CTLA-4. JS007 blocks the interaction between CTLA-4 and B7-1. JS007 activates T cells, promotes increased IL-2 secretion, and inhibits tumor growth in CTLA-4 knock-in mouse syngeneic tumor models. JS007 is applicable to research related to cancer and advanced solid tumors.
Ivuxolimab is a fully human IgG2 agonist targeting OX40 (CD134), which selectively binds to the OX40 receptor on the surface of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells without inducing antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Ivuxolimab can promote T cell proliferation, survival and cytokine (such as IFN-γ, IL-2) secretion, inhibit regulatory T cell function, and enhance anti-tumor immune response. Ivuxolimab can be used in the study of melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, etc.
Tryptanthrin is an indole quinazoline that could be an alkaloid from indigo-bearing plants. Tryptanthrin is a potent and orally active cellular Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis inhibitor. Tryptanthrin has anticancer activity. Tryptanthrin suppresses the expression levels of NOS1, COX-2, and NF-κB and regulates the expression levels of IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α.
Anti-Mouse IL-2 Antibody (JES6-1A12) is an anti-mouse IL-2IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Anti-Mouse IL-2 Antibody (JES6-1A12) can inhibit Treg amplification and enhance Th1 response. Anti-Mouse IL-2 Antibody (JES6-1A12) can form a complex with IL-2 for experimentation. Anti-Mouse IL-2 Antibody (JES6-1A12) can be used for research on infection conditions such as malaria.
IBI-363 is a PD-1/IL-2 bispecific antibody with functions of blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and activating the IL-2 pathway. The IL-2 arm of IBI-363 retains affinity for IL-2Rα but attenuates binding ability to IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγ to reduce toxicity. The PD-1 binding arm of IBI-363 enables PD-1 blockade and selective delivery of IL-2. IBI-363 can be used in cancer research, such as non-small cell lung cancer.
Vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside is an orally active flavonoid glycoside. Vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside inhibits Apoptosis, increases the phosphorylation levels of PI3K/Akt, inhibits caspase-3, SOD activity, and promotes cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-12) secretion. Vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside strongly inhibits DNA synthesis in MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of 17.5 μM. Vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside enhances immune function and improves the absorption of active compounds. Vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside has antioxidant activity. Vitexin-2"-O-rhamnoside is used in the study of cardiovascular disease and immune-related diseases.
RO2959 monohydrochloride is a potent and selective CRAC channel inhibitor with an IC50 of 402 nM. RO2959 monohydrochloride is a potent blocker of store operated calcium entry (SOCE) mediated by Orai1/Stim1 channels with an IC50 of 25 nM. RO2959 monohydrochloride is also a potent inhibitor of human IL-2 production, and potently blocks T cell receptor triggered gene expression and T cell functional pathways.
PQA-18 is a unique PAK2 inhibitor (IC50: 10 nM). PQA-18 has immunosuppressing effects. PQA-18 suppresses IL2, IL4, IL6, and TNFα. PQA-18 inhibits the population of a subset of regulatory T cells and the immunoglobulin (Ig) production against T cell-dependent antigens as well as alleviates dermatitis in mice.
Mycophenolate mofetil (RS 61443; TM-MMF) hydrochloride is an orally active antimetabolic immunosuppressant with antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Mycophenolate mofetil hydrochloride significantly inhibits the production of B, T lymphocytes and the proliferation of smooth muscle cells by selectively blocking the de novo purine synthesis pathway. Mycophenolate mofetil hydrochloride effectively reduces adventitial inflammation, medial necrosis and intimal thickening in rat aortic allografts, and decreases the number of lymphocytes expressing the IL-2 receptor, thereby delaying xenograft rejection. Mycophenolate mofetil hydrochloride shows certain toxicity in a hamster-to-rat limb xenotransplantation model when used in combination with FK506 (HY-13756). Mycophenolate mofetil hydrochloride is widely used in studies related to allograft arteriosclerosis (chronic rejection).
Platycodin D2 is an orally active triterpenoid saponin found in Platycodon grandiflorum. Platycodin D2 induces mitophagy in cancer cells through NIX, thereby activating the P21/CyclinA2 pathway and promoting cell senescence. Platycodin D2 induces mitochondrial dysfunction, enhances autophagy, inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, and exhibits anti-tumor activity against multiple cancer cell types. Platycodin D2 promotes mRNA expression of T-bet, GATA-3, Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ, and Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, enhances splenocyte proliferation, and acts as a vaccine adjuvant with low rabbit red blood cell hemolytic activity. Platycodin D2 induces mitochondrial ROS production, incomplete autophagy, and ferroptosis to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation. Platycodin D2 can be used for the research of cancer, inflammation and immunology.
Deacetylasperulosidic Acid is an orally active antioxidant. Deacetylasperulosidic Acid exerts a definite in vivo antioxidant effect and alleviates oxidative stress injury by enhancing SOD activity. In atopic dermatitis models, Deacetylasperulosidic Acid corrects Th2-skewed immune imbalance and reduces allergy-related factors; in immunosuppression models, it activates cellular immunity, enhances NK cell activity and IL-2 production. Deacetylasperulosidic Acid can be used in the research of atopic dermatitis.
Sodium chloride is an orally active salt. Sodium chloride induces the expression of ATP1A1. Sodium chloride induces the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNFα, IL-9 and several chemokines. Sodium chloride enhances the anti-tumor activities of Digoxin (HY-B1049) against small cell lung cancer. Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic Th17 cells.
Casein hydrolysate is an orally effective, multi-functional mixture of bioactive peptides, a hydrolysis product of casein (HY-125865), containing ACE inhibitors and immunomodulatory target regulators, among others. Casein hydrolysate releases short-chain bioactive peptides through enzymatic hydrolysis of casein, increasing cellular glutathione and catalase levels, enhancing ConA-induced IL-2 production, and exhibiting metal ion chelation, free radical scavenging, antibacterial, and mineral absorption-promoting effects. Casein hydrolysate lowers blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and reducing bradykinin degradation.
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