2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  4. Endogenous Metabolite

Endogenous Metabolite

Endogenous Metabolite

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Endogenous metabolites refer to the collective set of small-molecule chemical substances present within organelles, cells, organs, biological fluids, or entire organisms; their molecular weights are typically less than 1500 Da. These endogenous metabolites—including lipids, amino acids, short peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols, and organic acids—not only participate in signal transduction governing genomic function but also receive upstream signals from the environment, thereby bridging the interrelationships among genotype, environment, and phenotype. Based on their biological functions, microbial endogenous metabolites can be broadly classified into two categories: primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are the core molecules essential for supporting microbial growth and proliferation; they serve to provide energy to the microbes or act as precursors and cofactors for the synthesis of biological macromolecules. In contrast, microbial secondary metabolites are a class of low-molecular-weight products that are not strictly essential for microbial growth. Nevertheless, microbial secondary metabolites include numerous substances—such as antibiotics, anti-tumor agents, and cholesterol-lowering agents—that are of critical importance to human health[1][2][3]. Furthermore, the metabolome of a biological organism is influenced by a variety of endogenous factors, including age, sex, body composition, genetic background, and underlying pathological states. The small-molecule metabolites within an organism are diverse and highly distinct; their levels are typically subject to the synergistic regulation of a vast array of enzymes and transport proteins, undergoing processes of synthesis, transformation, degradation, and compartmentalized distribution. Metabolomics research based on endogenous metabolites has been widely applied in the fields of metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases, where these metabolites hold potential utility as biomarkers or therapeutic targets[1][2][3].

Endogenous Metabolite Isoform Specific Products:

Endogenous Metabolite Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W011690
    L-Homocystine
    		98.0%
    L-Homocystine is the oxidized member of the L-homocysteine. Homocysteine is a pro-thrombotic factor, vasodilation impairing agent, pro-inflammatory factor and endoplasmatic reticulum-stress inducer used to study cardiovascular disease mechanisms.
    L-Homocystine
  • HY-B1465
    1-Hexadecanol
    		99.76%
    1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol, a lipophilic substrate. 1-Hexadecanol can be used for the research of ferroptosis.
    1-Hexadecanol
  • HY-N0455AS7
    L-Arginine-13C hydrochloride
    		99.7%
    L-Arginine-13C (hydrochloride) is the 13C-labeled L-Arginine hydrochloride. L-Arginine hydrochloride ((S)-(+)-Arginine hydrochloride) is the nitrogen donor for synthesis of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that is deficient during times of sickle cell crisis.
    L-Arginine-<sup>13</sup>C hydrochloride
  • HY-B0151R
    Pregnenolone (Standard)
    Pregnenolone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pregnenolone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels.
    Pregnenolone (Standard)
  • HY-113313S1
    Aldosterone-d7
    		99.79%
    Aldosterone-d7 is the deuterium labeled Aldosterone. Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone, and it is synthesized and secreted in response to renin-angiotensin system activation (RAS) or high dietary potassium by the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone activity is dependent by the binding and activation of the cytoplasmic/nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) at cellular level.
    Aldosterone-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-111647
    N2-Methylguanosine
    		98.58%
    N2-Methylguanosine is a commonly modified nucleoside in rRNA and tRNA, with specific distributions in both E. coli rRNA and eukaryotic tRNA. N2-Methylguanosine can be found in urine. N2-Methylguanosine affects the structure and stability of RNA.
    N2-Methylguanosine
  • HY-125934
    Allocholic acid
    		99.76%
    Allocholic acid is a typically fetal bile acid found in vertebrates and reappears during liver regeneration and carcinogenesis, besides it is also a conjugate acid of allocholate and an isomer of cholic acid. Allocholic acid is a potent and specific stimulant of the adult olfactory system, it has a role as a marine metabolite, a rat metabolite and a human metabolite.
    Allocholic acid
  • HY-113366
    Prostaglandin J2
    Prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2), an endogenous metabolite of Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2; HY-101988), is a potent PGD2 receptor (DP) agonist with Kis of 0.9 nM and 6.6 nM for hDP and hCRTH2, respectively. Prostaglandin J2 stimulates intracellular cyclic AMP production with an EC50 value of 1.2 nM. Prostaglandin J2 induces oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Prostaglandin J2 induces the accumulation/aggregation of ubiquitinated (Ub) proteins. Prostaglandin J2 is highly neurotoxic and potentially contributes to many neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD).
    Prostaglandin J2
  • HY-P0246
    Mastoparan
    		98.21%
    Mastoparan, a tetradecapeptide which is a component of wasp venom, stimulates release of prolactin from cultured rat anterior pituitary cells.
    Mastoparan
  • HY-W010323
    2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone
    		99.95%
    2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DHBQ) is a redox-active quinone-based organic ligand with antibacterial activity that can be obtained from fungal metabolites. After 2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone is incorporated into the Fe (dhbq) metal-organic framework, a two-electron redox process occurs, which helps improve the discharge capacity of Li+-ion battery cathodes. 2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone can be used to construct conductive metal-organic frameworks suitable for Li+-ion battery cathodes.
    2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone
  • HY-W015883R
    Fumaric acid (Standard)
    Fumaric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fumaric acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fumaric acid is an unsaturated dicarbonic acid, an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle that provides intracellular energy in the form of ATP. Fumaric acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway dependent on p38 MAPK. Fumaric acid can be used in the study of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
    Fumaric acid (Standard)
  • HY-40135R
    L-Hydroxyproline (Standard)
    L-Hydroxyproline (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Hydroxyproline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.
    L-Hydroxyproline (Standard)
  • HY-131576A
    Thymidine 5′-diphosphate sodium
    		≥99.0%
    Thymidine 5′-diphosphate (dTDP) sodium is the key product of pyrimidine synthesis in organisms. Thymidine 5′-diphosphate sodium is produced by thymidylate kinase (TMPK) catalyzed phosphorylation of 5′-thymidine monophosphate (dTMP), which requires ATP and Mg2+. Thymidine 5′-diphosphate sodium is further catalyzed by TMPK to thymidine 5′-triphosphate (dTTP). TMPK activity can be detected by measuring the level of Thymidine 5′-diphosphate.
    Thymidine 5′-diphosphate sodium
  • HY-N0411R
    β-Carotene (Standard)
    β-Carotene (Standard) is the analytical standard of β-Carotene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. β-Carotene (Provitamin A), a carotenoid compound, is a naturally-occurring vitamin A precursor. β-Carotene is a modulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), with antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. β-Carotene may serve as an antioxidant or as a prooxidant, depending on its intrinsic properties as well as on the redox potential of the biological environment in which it acts. β-Carotene induces breast cancer cells apoptosis, with anticancer activities.
    β-Carotene (Standard)
  • HY-W101415
    1-Phenyl-2-propanol
    		99.21%
    1-Phenyl-2-propanol (Benzylmethylcarbinol) is a chiral secondary alcohol and a metabolite of n-propylbenzene.
    1-Phenyl-2-propanol
  • HY-13605R
    Cytarabine (Standard)
    Cytarabine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cytarabine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cytarabine, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC50 of 16 nM. Cytarabine has antiviral effects against HSV. Cytarabine shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.
    Cytarabine (Standard)
  • HY-W014666S
    Xanthurenic acid-d4
    		99.09%
    Xanthurenic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Xanthurenic acid. Xanthurenic acid is a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus.
    Xanthurenic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0394R
    L-Cystine (Standard)
    L-Cystine (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Cystine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Cystine, the extracellular form of L-Cysteine (HY-Y0337), is a nutritionally dispensable semiessential sulfur-containing amino acid, occurring in proteins of plants and animals. L-Cystine induces Nrf2 protein elevation in a Keap1 (HY-P75897)-dependent manner and activates Nrf2 transcription factor. L-cystine can elicit cytoprotection by reducing ROS generation and protecting against oxidant- or doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. The reduced reabsorption of L-Cystine in renal tubules and its poor solubility in urine are the important causes of cystine precipitation and cystine crystal formation eventually leading to kidney stones. L-Cystine combined with L-theanine (HY-15121) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and T helper 2 (Th2) mediated responses in mice. L-Cystine is promising for research of cystinuria and cystinosis
    L-Cystine (Standard)
  • HY-148542
    EpoY
    		98.8%
    EpoY (SD-142) acts as an irreversible inhibitor of the brain's primary tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase (TCP), a complex formed by vasohibin-1 (VASH1) and the small vasohibin binding protein (SVBP). By inhibiting TCP with an IC50 value of approximately 500 nM, EpoY effectively decreases levels of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin, which is crucial for microtubule dynamics and neuronal differentiation. This inhibition leads to significant differentiation defects and has been linked to underlying issues associated with cancer and cardiomyopathies.
    EpoY
  • HY-113524S
    N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid-d3
    		99.77%
    N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid-d3 is the deuterium labeled N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid (HY-113524). N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is a derivative of Aspartic acid (HY-N0666) and endogenous compound. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid acts as an acetyl donor. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is involved in brain metabolism. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases (such as Canavan disease).
    N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid-d<sub>3</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
Endogenous Metabolite Isoform Comparison

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