2. Signaling Pathways
  3. PI3K/Akt/mTOR
  4. mTOR

mTOR

Mammalian target of Rapamycin

mTOR

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mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mTOR gene. mTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. mTOR belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. mTOR integrates the input from upstream pathways, including growth factors and amino acids. mTOR also senses cellular nutrient, oxygen, and energy levels. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and certain cancers. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR by associating with its intracellular receptor FKBP12. The FKBP12-rapamycin complex binds directly to the FKBP12-Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mTOR, inhibiting its activity.

mTOR Isoform Specific Products:

mTOR Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-16962
    CC-115
    		Inhibitor
    CC-115 is a potent and dual DNA-PK and mTOR kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 13 nM and 21 nM, respectively. CC-115 blocks both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling.
    CC-115
  • HY-15174
    Dactolisib Tosylate
    		Inhibitor 99.87%
    Dactolisib Tosylate (BEZ235 Tosylate) is a dual PI3K and mTOR kinase inhibitor with IC50 values of 4, 75, 7, 5 nM for PI3Kα, β, γ, δ, respectively. Dactolisib Tosylate (BEZ235 Tosylate) inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    Dactolisib Tosylate
  • HY-10044
    WYE-132
    		Inhibitor 99.40%
    WYE-132 (WYE-125132) is a highly potent, ATP-competitive, and specific mTOR kinase inhibitor (IC50: 0.19±0.07 nM; >5,000-fold selective versus PI3Ks). WYE-132 (WYE-125132) inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    WYE-132
  • HY-13246
    Apitolisib
    		Inhibitor 99.65%
    Apitolisib (GDC-0980; GNE 390; RG 7422) is a selective, potent, orally bioavailable Class I PI3 kinase and mTOR kinase (TORC1/2) inhibitor with IC50s of 5 nM/27 nM/7 nM/14 nM for PI3Kα/PI3Kβ/PI3Kδ/PI3Kγ, and with a Ki of 17 nM for mTOR.
    Apitolisib
  • HY-12868
    Bimiralisib
    		Inhibitor 99.80%
    Bimiralisib (PQR309) is a potent, brain-penetrant, orally bioavailable, pan-class I PI3K/mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 33 nM, 451 nM, 661 nM, 708 nM and 89 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and mTOR, respectively. Bimiralisib is an mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor.
    Bimiralisib
  • HY-134904
    RMC-6272
    		Inhibitor
    RMC-6272 (RM-006) is a bi-steric mTORC1-selective inhibitor. RMC-6272 exhibits potent and selective (> 10-fold) inhibition of mTORC1 over mTORC2. RMC-6272 shows improved inhibition of mTORC1 in comparison to Rapamycin, and induces more cell death in TSC2 null tumors.
    RMC-6272
  • HY-12036
    GSK1059615
    		Inhibitor ≥99.0%
    GSK1059615 is a dual inhibitor of PI3Kα/β/δ/γ (reversible) and mTOR with IC50 of 0.4 nM/0.6 nM/2 nM/5 nM and 12 nM, respectively.
    GSK1059615
  • HY-10423
    OSI-027
    		Inhibitor 99.40%
    OSI-027 (ASP7486) is a potent, selective, orally active and ATP-competitive mTOR kinase activity inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 nM. OSI-027 targets both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with IC50s of 22 nM and 65 nM, respectively.
    OSI-027
  • HY-13334
    BGT226 maleate
    		Inhibitor 99.87%
    BGT226 (NVP-BGT226 maleate) is a PI3K (with IC50s of 4 nM, 63 nM and 38 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ) /mTOR dual inhibitor which displays potent growth-inhibitory activity against human head and neck cancer cells.
    BGT226 maleate
  • HY-13431
    KU-0060648
    		Inhibitor 99.62%
    KU-0060648 is a dual inhibitor of PI3K and DNA-PK with IC50s of 4 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.1 nM, 0.594 nM and 8.6 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ and DNA-PK, respectively.
    KU-0060648
  • HY-16956
    Onatasertib
    		Inhibitor
    Onatasertib (CC-223) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of mTOR kinase, with an IC50 value for mTOR kinase of 16 nM. Onatasertib inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    Onatasertib
  • HY-10372
    PP121
    		Inhibitor 98.67%
    PP121 is a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 10, 60, 12, 14, 2 nM for mTOR, DNK-PK, VEGFR2/KDR/Flk-1, Src, PDGFR, respectively.
    PP121
  • HY-115449
    Chromeceptin
    		p53 Inhibitor 99.91%
    Chromeceptin (94G6) is an IGF signaling pathway inhibitor. Chromeceptin suppresses IGF2 expression at mRNA and protein levels in hepatocyte and HCC cells. Chromeceptin inhibits the phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR.
    Chromeceptin
  • HY-10683
    PKI-402
    		Inhibitor 98.43%
    PKI-402 is a selective, reversible, ATP-competitive inhibitor of PI3K, including PI3K-α mutants, and mTOR (IC50=2, 3, 7,14 and 16 nM for PI3Kα, mTOR, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ).
    PKI-402
  • HY-100222
    CZ415
    		Inhibitor 98.74%
    CZ415 is a potent and highly selective mTOR inhibitor with a pIC50 of 8.07. CZ415 inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2 protein complex.
    CZ415
  • HY-16585
    VS-5584
    		Inhibitor 99.14%
    VS-5584 is a pan-PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 16 nM, 68 nM, 42 nM, 25 nM, and 37 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ and mTOR, respectively. VS-5584 simultaneously blocks mTORC2 as well as mTORC1.
    VS-5584
  • HY-W016412
    Coenzyme Q0
    		Inhibitor 99.88%
    Coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0) is a potent, oral active ubiquinone compound can be derived from Antrodia cinnamomea. Coenzyme Q0 induces apoptosis and autophagy, suppresses of HER-2/AKT/mTOR signaling to potentiate the apoptosis and autophagy mechanisms. Coenzyme Q0 regulates NFκB/AP-1 activation and enhances Nrf2 stabilization in attenuation of inflammation and redox imbalance. Coenzyme Q0 has anti-angiogenic activity through downregulation of MMP-9/NF-κB and upregulation of HO-1 signaling.
    Coenzyme Q0
  • HY-N0486S1
    L-Leucine-13C
    		Activator ≥98.00%
    L-Leucine-13C is the 13C-labeled L-Leucine. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].
    L-Leucine-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-13334A
    BGT226
    		Inhibitor 99.51%
    BGT226 (NVP-BGT226) is a PI3K (with IC50s of 4 nM, 63 nM and 38 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ)/mTOR dual inhibitor which displays potent growth-inhibitory activity against human head and neck cancer cells.
    BGT226
  • HY-18353
    mTOR inhibitor-3
    		Inhibitor 99.09%
    mTOR inhibitor-3 is a remarkably selective mTOR inhibitor with a Ki of 1.5 nM. mTOR inhibitor-3 suppresses mTORC1 and mTORC2 in cellular and in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) experiments.
    mTOR inhibitor-3
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download mTOR Signaling Pathway Map.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival[1]. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two distinct complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 comprises DEPTOR, PRAS40, RAPTOR, mLST8, mTOR, whereas mTORC2 comprises DEPTOR, mLST8, PROTOR, RICTOR, mSIN1, mTOR[2]. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and inhibits mTORC1 by disrupting the interaction between mTOR and RAPTOR. mTORC1 negatively regulates autophagy through multiple inputs, including inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1 and TFEB. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis through activation of the translation initiation promoter S6K and through inhibition of the inhibitory mRNA cap binding 4E-BP1, and regulates glycolysis through HIF-1α. It promotes de novo lipid synthesis through the SREBP transcription factors. mTORC2 inhibits FOXO1,3 through SGK and Akt, which can lead to increased longevity. The complex also regulates actin cytoskeleton assembly through PKC and Rho kinase[3]. 

 

Growth factors: Growth factors can signal to mTORC1 through both PI3K-Akt and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK axis. For example, ERK and RSK phosphorylate TSC2, and inhibit it.

 

Insulin Receptor: The activated insulin receptor recruits intracellular adaptor protein IRS1. Phosphorylation of these proteins on tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor initiates the recruitment and activation of PI3K. PIP3 acts as a second messenger which promotes the phosphorylation of Akt and triggers the Akt-dependent multisite phosphorylation of TSC2. TSC is a heterotrimeric complex comprised of TSC1, TSC2, and TBC1D7, and functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase Rheb, which directly binds and activates mTORC1. mTORC2 primarily functions as an effector of insulin/PI3K signaling. 

 

Wnt: The Wnt pathway activates mTORC1. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) acts as a negative regulator of mTORC1 by phosphorylating TSC2. mTORC2 is activated by Wnt in a manner dependent on the small GTPase RAC1[4].

 

Amino acids: mTORC1 senses both lysosomal and cytosolic amino acids through distinct mechanisms. Amino acids induce the movement of mTORC1 to lysosomal membranes, where the Rag proteins reside. A complex named Ragulator, interact with the Rag GTPases, recruits them to lysosomes through a mechanism dependent on the lysosomal v-ATPase, and is essential for mTORC1 activation. In turn, lysosomal recruitment enables mTORC1 to interact with GTP-bound RHEB, the end point of growth factor. Cytosolic leucine and arginine signal to mTORC1 through a distinct pathway comprised of the GATOR1 and GATOR2 complexes.    

 

Stresses: mTORC1 responds to intracellular and environmental stresses that are incompatible with growth such as low ATP levels, hypoxia, or DNA damage. A reduction in cellular energy charge, for example during glucose deprivation, activates the stress responsive metabolic regulator AMPK, which inhibits mTORC1 both indirectly, through phosphorylation and activation of TSC2, as well as directly through the phosphorylation of RAPTOR. Sestrin1/2 are two transcriptional targets of p53 that are implicated in the DNA damage response, and they potently activate AMPK, thus mediating the p53-dependent suppression of mTOR activity upon DNA damage. During hypoxia, mitochondrial respiration is impaired, leading to low ATP levels and activation of AMPK. Hypoxia also affects mTORC1 in AMPK-independent ways by inducing the expression of REDD1, the protein products of which then suppress mTORC1 by promoting the assembly of TSC1-TSC2[2].

 

Reference:

[1]. Laplante M, et al.mTOR signaling at a glance.J Cell Sci. 2009 Oct 15;122(Pt 20):3589-94. 
[2]. Zoncu R, et al. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;12(1):21-35. 
[3]. Johnson SC, et al. mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease.Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):338-45.
[4]. Shimobayashi M, et al. Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Mar;15(3):155-62.

mTOR Isoform Comparison

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