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Mitochondria use multiple carbon fuels to produce ATP and metabolites, including pyruvate, which is generated from glycolysis; amino acids such as glutamine; and fatty acids. These carbon fuels feed into the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix to generate the reducing equivalents NADH and FADH2, which deliver their electrons to the electron transport chain. Mitochondria are complex organelles that play an important role in many facets of cellular function, from metabolism to immune regulation and cell death. Mitochondria are actively involved in a wide variety of cellular processes and molecular interactions, such as calcium buffering, lipid flux, and intracellular signaling. It is increasingly recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of many diseases such as obesity/diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial metabolism is a key determinant of tumor progression by impacting on functions such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mitochondrial metabolism and derived oncometabolites shape the epigenetic landscape to alter aggressiveness features of cancer cells. Changes in mitochondrial metabolism are relevant for the survival of tumors in response to therapy.
Meldonium-d3 is the deuterated form of Meldonium. Meldonium is a cardiovascular protective agent that competitively inhibits BBOX1 and OCTN2. The IC50 value of Mildronate against human recombinant BBOX is 34-62 μM, and the EC50 value against human OCTN2 is 21 μM. Meldonium is a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor.
MPC-IN-1 (compound 4i) is a cyanocinnamate-based, mitochondrial pyruvate transporter (MPC) inhibitor, and is a derivative of UK-5099 (HY-15475). MPC inhibitors promote the development of hair follicle stem cells without affecting normal cells. MPC-IN-1 promotes cellular lactate production and promotes significant hair growth in mice, and has the potential to be used to inhibit hair loss.
L-Histidine-13C6,15N3 is 13C and 15N-labeled L-Histidine (HY-N0832). L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.
NDH-1 inhibitor-1 is a NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NDH-1) inhibitor with a pIC50 of 5.40 in potato tuber mitochondria and a pIC50 of 6.15 in Escherichia coli cell membranes. NDH-1 inhibitor-1 acts on the ubiquinone catalytic site to inhibit enzyme activity. NDH-1 inhibitor-1 can be used to study pathogenic microbial infections or mitochondrial diseases.
D-Ribonic acid ammonium is a metabolite of D-Ribose (HY-113375). Ribonic acid ammonium is associated with genetic variations in ENOSF1 and NUBPL. Ribonic acid ammonium may participate in the mitochondrial energy production process.
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid is an orally active inhibitor of MCT-1 and MCT-4, as well as a plant biomarker. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid can be isolated from roots. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid induces Apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid exhibits anticancer activity against breast cancer. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid normalizes lactic acid levels. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid neutralizes viper venom and attenuates its lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant and anticoagulant activities in male albino mice. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid possesses antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective activities.
Idebenone-13C,d3 is the deuterium labeled and 13C-labeled Idebenone (HY-N0303). Idebenone, a well-appreciated mitochondrial protectant, exhibits protective efficacy against neurotoxicity and can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease. Idebenone (oxidised form) has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the enzymatic metabolism of arachidonic acid in astroglial homogenates (IC50=16.65 μM). Idebenone, a coenzyme Q10 analog and an antioxidant, induces apoptotic cell death in the human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells. Idebenone quickly crosses the blood-brain barrier.
GD3 Ganglioside is an Apoptosis inducer and a biomarker for mouse neural stem cells. GD3 Ganglioside expresses in neural stem cells and the subventricular zone of the adult mouse brain. GD3 Ganglioside targets the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex, induces pore opening, dissipates mitochondrial transmembrane potential, triggers Mitochondrial swelling, releases pro-apoptotic factors, and activates Caspase-9. GD3 Ganglioside is applicable to research related to glioblastoma.
Desipramine hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Desipramine hydrochloride (HY-B1272). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Desipramine hydrochloride is a first-generation tricyclic antidepressant. Desipramine hydrochloride selectively binds to norepinephrine transporter and blocks neuronal norepinephrine reuptake. Desipramine hydrochloride activates MAPK signaling via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, represses NF-κB and AP-1 activity, and induces apoptosis via ROS elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and intracellular calcium increase. Desipramine hydrochloride also shows anyi-inflammatory activity, inhibiting TNF-α production. Desipramine hydrochloride can be used for the research of hepatocellular cancer, inflammation, and neurological diseases.
Boscalid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Boscalid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Boscalid is a succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI) inhibitor with antifungalactivity. Boscalid binds to the ubiquinone-binding site of fungal mitochondrial complex II, blocks ATP production and aerobic respiration, exhibits good control efficacy against a variety of plant fungal diseases including gray mold, sclerotinia rot and powdery mildew, and is widely used for disease control in agriculture. Boscalid induces apoptosis, altered lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, respiratory impairment, oxidative stress, ROS accumulation and neurodevelopmental disorders in zebrafish. Boscalid reduces foraging ability, shortens median death time and causes chronic toxicity in exposed honeybees. Boscalid also possesses genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, elevated mitochondrial superoxide levels and early-stage apoptosis.
BRD6897 is a mitochondrial content inducer. BRD6897 does not alter the percent of cytoplasmic area occupied by mitochondria, but instead, induces a striking increase in the electron density of existing mitochondria.
Succinyl phosphonate is a α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex (KGDHC) modulator with neuroprotective activity. Succinyl phosphonate protects this complex, reduces cellular succinyl-CoA concentration, downregulates protein succinylation levels, and inhibits the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Succinyl phosphonate corrects hypoxic or ethanol-induced behavioral impairments, modulates exploratory behavior and emotional stress responses, and improves hypoxia tolerance. Succinyl phosphonate reduces glutamate excitotoxicity, restores the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, reverses the changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activities induced by β-amyloid (Amyloid-β), modulates cognitive function, and prevents β-amyloid-induced neuronal damage. Succinyl phosphonate improves microglial senescence, alleviates neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Succinyl phosphonate can be used in the research of Alzheimer's disease, aging-related neuroinflammation, and Parkinson's disease.
Lonidamine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lonidamine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lonidamine (AF-1890) is a hexokinase and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier inhibitor (Ki: 2.5 μM). Lonidamine also inhibits aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. Lonidamine can be used in the research of mitochondrial metabolism and inflammation, such as pulmonary fibrosis.
Coumarin–quinone conjugate is a fluorescent substrate for NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases which consists of a coumarin fluorophore and a ubiquinone analog. Coumarin–quinone conjugate can be used to measure the kinetic parameters of AIFM2/FSP1 for researches such as ferroptosis.
Boscalid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Boscalid. Boscalid is a succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI) inhibitor with antifungalactivity. Boscalid binds to the ubiquinone-binding site of fungal mitochondrial complex II, blocks ATP production and aerobic respiration, exhibits good control efficacy against a variety of plant fungal diseases including gray mold, sclerotinia rot and powdery mildew, and is widely used for disease control in agriculture. Boscalid induces apoptosis, altered lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, respiratory impairment, oxidative stress, ROS accumulation and neurodevelopmental disorders in zebrafish. Boscalid reduces foraging ability, shortens median death time and causes chronic toxicity in exposed honeybees. Boscalid also possesses genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, elevated mitochondrial superoxide levels and early-stage apoptosis.
Diphenyl Phosphate inhibits growth and energy metabolism in zebrafish and mice in a sex-specific manner. Diphenyl Phosphate can inhibit the activity of SDH (respiratory complex II), reduce the expression of CPT1 and disrupts the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane. Diphenyl Phosphate may be used in research on metabolic diseases.
(±)-Carnitine (DL-Carnitine) is an orally effective racemic mixture of L-Carnitine (HY-B0399) and D-Carnitine. (±)-Carnitine elevates the mitochondrial NAD+/NADH ratio in the presence of 1,3-butanediol (HY-77490A). (±)-Carnitine does not increase glucose and urea production from L-glutamine, but stimulates propionate gluconeogenesis in rat renal cortical slices, and significantly reduces hepatic ketone body levels in rats fed a diet containing 30% high fat plus 20% 1,3-butanediol.
Permethrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Permethrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Permethrin (NRDC-143) is an insecticide, acaricide, and insect repellent; functions as a neurotoxin, affecting neuron membranes by prolonging sodium channel activation.
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