Necroptosis Inhibitor

Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a potent and cross the blood-brain barrier necroptosis inhibitor with an EC₅₀ of 490 nM in Jurkat cells. Necrostatin-1 inhibits RIP1 kinase (EC₅₀=182 nM). Necrostatin-1 is also an IDO inhibitor.

Necrosulfonamide is a MLKL and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) inhibitor, capable of separately inhibiting necroptosis and pyroptosis of cells. Necrosulfonamide does not affect the activation of upstream signals, but specifically inhibits the downstream executor oligomerization step. Necrosulfonamide reduces the expression of the key kinases NLRP3 and caspase-1 involved in necroptosis and pyroptosis, activate the Nrf2 pathway and the downstream antioxidant enzymes, and also downregulates a variety of inflammatory factors. Necrosulfonamide plays significant roles in various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson’s disease), tissue damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis and fracture repair, and hair loss by regulating two important programmed necrosis pathways.

Cholesteryl hemisuccinate is a with hepatoprotective an anticancer activity. Cholesteryl hemisuccinate inhibits Acetaminophen (AAP, HY-66005) hepatotoxicity, and prevents AAP-induced hepatic apoptosis and necrosis. Cholesteryl hemisuccinate inhibits DNA polymerase and DNA topoisomerase to inhibit DNA replication and repair and cell division. Thus, Cholesteryl hemisuccinate inhibits tumor growth.

Bardoxolone (CDDO; RTA 401) is a Nrf2 activator. Bardoxolone shows anti-SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro with IC50 of 27.99 μM. Bardoxolone activates the Nrf2 pathway and inhibits the NF-κB pathway. Bardoxolone can induce cells differentiation, apoptosis and shows antiproliferative activity against cancer cells. Bardoxolone can increase ROS and decrease intracellular GSH levels. Bardoxolone inhibits Z-VAD-FMK (HY-16658B)-induced necroptosis. Bardoxolone can be used for the research of cancer, inflammation and infection, such as SARS-CoV infection and glioblastoma.

Sulfaphenazole is a selective inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 enzyme. Sulfaphenazole is a cytoprotective agent against light-induced death of photoreceptors. Sulfaphenazole inhibits light-induced necrosis and mitochondrial stress-initiated apoptosis. Sulfaphenazole is an off patent sulfonamide antibiotic and demonstrates bactericidal activity through enhanced M1 macrophage activity. Sulfaphenazole can significantly reduce infarct size and restore post-ischemic coronary flow following ischemia and reperfusion.

Primidone is the orally active inhibitor for TRPM3 (IC₅₀ = 0.6 μM), RIP kinase and voltage-gated sodium channel, and the antagonist for GABA receptor. Primidone can be used as the analgesic and anticonvulsant agent.

Apostatin-1 (Apt-1) is a potent TRADD inhibitor. Apostatin-1 can bind with TRADD-N (K_D=2.17 μM), disrupting its binding to both TRADD-C and TRAF2. Apostatin-1 modulates the ubiquitination of RIPK1 and beclin 1. Apostatin-1 blocks apoptosis and restores cellular homeostasis by activating autophagy in cells with accumulated mutant tau, α-synuclein, or huntingtin.

UH15-38 is a potent RIPK3 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 20 nM. UH15-38 blocks IAV (influenza A virus)-activated necroptosis. UH15-38 dampens IAV-induced lung injury.

Cholesterol hemisuccinate (Cholesterol hydrogen succinate) Tris salt is a compound with hepatoprotective and anticancer activity. Cholesterol hemisuccinate Tris salt inhibits Acetaminophen (AAP) (HY-66005) hepatotoxicity, and prevents AAP-induced hepatic apoptosis and necrosis. Cholesterol hemisuccinate Tris salt inhibits DNA polymerase and DNA topoisomerase to inhibit DNA replication and repair and cell division. Cholesterol hemisuccinate Tris salt inhibits tumor growth. Cholesterol hemisuccinate Tris salt can be used for buffer preparation.

Theaflavin-3'-gallate is a monomer of theaflavins found in black tea, which has anti-UVB damage activity and inhibits cell apoptosis and necroptosis. Theaflavin-3'-gallate acts as a pro-oxidant and induces oxidative stress in cancer cells, inhibiting xanthine oxidase (OX), with an IC₅₀ of 7.6 μM.

Ponicidin (Rubescensine B) is an orally active RIPK1 inhibitor with a K_d value of 135 nM. Ponicidin inhibits the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to induce apoptosis, activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, upregulates SIRT1 expression, alleviates oxidative stress, suppresses inflammatory responses and necroptosis, and blocks cell cycle progression. Ponicidin induces ROS production to exert antiproliferative and antiviral effects, while also improving cognitive function and reducing Aβ plaque deposition. Ponicidin can be used in studies related to hepatocellular carcinoma, Alzheimer's disease, and gastric cancer.

PROTAC MLKL Degrader-1 is a selective MLKL PROTAC degrader with a DC₅₀ of 2.4 μM. PROTAC MLKL Degrader-1 blocks necroptosis without modulating the phosphorylation of RIPK1 or RIPK3, and exhibits a linear correlation between MLKL levels and necroptotic cell death.

Necrostatin-5 (Nec-5) is a potent necroptosis inhibitor with an EC₅₀ value of 0.24 µM. Necrostatin-5 also is a RIP1 inhibitor. Necrostatin-5 shows cardioprotective effects.

MLKL-IN-6 (compound P28) is a mixed lineage kinase inhibitor targeting Mixed Lineage Kinase domain-like (MLKL). MLKL-IN-6 inhibits cell necrosis. MLKL-IN-6 inhibits MLKL phosphorylation and oligomerization during cell necrosis, inhibits immune cell death, and reduces the expression of adhesion factors. MLKL-IN-6 has low cytotoxicity, and it inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation, reduces liver fibrosis marker levels, and has anti-fibrotic effects.

ZB-R-55 is an orally active and selective dual-mode RIPK1 inhibitor with RIPK1 IC₅₀ values of 5.7 nM. ZB-R-55 occupies both the allosteric and ATP binding sites of RIPK1. ZB-R-55 inhibits necroptosis in cancer cells. ZB-R-55 can be used for the research of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis.

Primidone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Primidone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Primidone is the orally active inhibitor for TRPM3 (IC₅₀ = 0.6 μM), RIP kinase and voltage-gated sodium channel, and the antagonist for GABA receptor. Primidone can be used as the analgesic and anticonvulsant agent.

Sulfaphenazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sulfaphenazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sulfaphenazole is a selective inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 enzyme. Sulfaphenazole is a cytoprotective agent against light-induced death of photoreceptors. Sulfaphenazole inhibits light-induced necrosis and mitochondrial stress-initiated apoptosis. Sulfaphenazole is an off patent sulfonamide antibiotic and demonstrates bactericidal activity through enhanced M1 macrophage activity. Sulfaphenazole can significantly reduce infarct size and restore post-ischemic coronary flow following ischemia and reperfusion.

RIPK1-IN-17 is an orally active, selective RIPK1 inhibitor (K_d = 17 nM) and shows no significant inhibition to RIPK3. RIPK1-IN-17 specifically inhibits necroptosis rather than apoptosis by inhibiting RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL phosphorylation. RIPK1-IN-17 protects mice from hypothermia and death. RIPK1-IN-17 can be used for the study of necroptosis-related diseases such as inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Necrostatin-7 (Nec-7) is a Necroptosis inhibitor with an EC₅₀ of 10.6 μM. Necrostatin-7 inhibits signal transduction from RANK to NFATc1 without affecting the activation of MAPK or NF-κB. Necrostatin-7 suppresses the expression levels of Acp5, Atp6v0d2, Ctsk and Dcstamp. Necrostatin-7 reduces myocardial infarction size, ameliorates adverse left ventricular remodeling, decreases myocardial wall stress, reduces the amount and length of scar tissue, and improves left ventricular function. Necrostatin-7 exerts cardioprotective effects in a rat model of permanent coronary artery occlusion. Necrostatin-7 can be used in research related to osteolytic bone diseases and myocardial infarction.

(E/Z)-Necrosulfonamide is a racemic compound of Necrosulfonamide (HY-100573). Necrosulfonamide is a MLKL and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) inhibitor, capable of separately inhibiting necroptosis and pyroptosis of cells. Necrosulfonamide does not affect the activation of upstream signals, but specifically inhibits the downstream executor oligomerization step. Necrosulfonamide reduces the expression of the key kinases NLRP3 and caspase-1 involved in necroptosis and pyroptosis, activate the Nrf2 pathway and the downstream antioxidant enzymes, and also downregulates a variety of inflammatory factors. Necrosulfonamide plays significant roles in various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson’s disease), tissue damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis and fracture repair, and hair loss by regulating two important programmed necrosis pathways.