2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-170991
    C12-rrw-NH2
    		Inducer
    C12-rrw-NH2 (Compound Lip7) is an antibacterial agent against gram-positive bacteria, especially against Methicillin (HY-121544)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). C12-rrw-NH2 induces bacterial death via depolarizing the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, disrupting the integrity of the bacterial membrane, leading to leakage of nucleic acid and protein and promoting the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. C12-rrw-NH2 is potential to be used for research of developing high-stability antimicrobial peptides.
    C12-rrw-NH2
  • HY-15930R
    TMB (Standard)
    TMB (Standard) is the analytical standard of TMB. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. TMB is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.
    TMB (Standard)
  • HY-B0464R
    Hydralazine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Hydralazine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hydralazine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hydralazine hydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable DNA methyltransferase inhibitor with vasodilatory, arterial smooth muscle relaxant and hypotensive activities. Hydralazine hydrochloride reactivates silenced tumor suppressor genes via mediating DNA demethylation, while exerting neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Hydralazine hydrochloride inhibits NOS-2 (iNOS) and COX-2, and reduces the production of NO and PGEE2; meanwhile, Hydralazine hydrochloride scavenges reactive oxygen species and inhibits macrophage activation. Hydralazine hydrochloride alleviates motor dysfunction, neuropathic inflammatory pain, and formalin-induced somatic and emotional pain responses. In addition, Hydralazine hydrochloride directly induces DNA strand breaks and sister chromatid exchange, exhibiting certain mutagenic characteristics. Hydralazine hydrochloride has been widely used in studies on hypertension, various cancers (such as cervical cancer, leukemia), spinal cord injury and the mechanisms of inflammatory pain.
    Hydralazine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-174388
    Antifungal agent 134
    Antifungal agent 134 (Compound B13) is an antifungal agent with EC50s of 3.24, 1.89, 1.70, 0.36, 4.27, and 1.50 μg/mL for Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum orbiculare, and Alternaria alternata, respectively. Antifungal agent 134 can disrupt the cell membrane and mitochondria of the hyphae, leading to significant ROS accumulation. Antifungal agent 134 also has significant herbicidal activities against field weeds, such as Amaranthus retroflexus L and Abutilon theophrasti Medicus. Antifungal agent 134 can be used for crop diseases and field weeds research.
    Antifungal agent 134
  • HY-121423R
    Dimethachlor (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dimethachlor (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dimethachlor. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dimethachlor, a synthetic herbicide, inhibits the undesirable growth of weeds via the suppression of very long-chain fatty acid synthesis. Dimethachlor disrupts normal developmental processes via the induction of apoptosis and ROS production.
    Dimethachlor (Standard)
  • HY-N0520R
    Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (Standard)
    Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside is an isoflavone isolated from Astragali Radix. Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside has variety of biological activities, such as neuroprotective, cardioprotection, anti-inflammation, and antioxidative stress effects.
    Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (Standard)
  • HY-108992R
    Deoxynyboquinone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Deoxynyboquinone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Deoxynyboquinone (HY-108992). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Deoxynyboquinone, an excellent NQO1 substrate, is a potent antineoplastic agent. Deoxynyboquinone induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines. Deoxynyboquinone Kills cancer cells through oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation.
    Deoxynyboquinone (Standard)
  • HY-156468
    Antioxidant agent-17
    		Inhibitor
    Antioxidant agent-17 (compound 59) is a potent inhibitor of superoxide anion generation activity, with an IC50 of 9.06 nM.
    Antioxidant agent-17
  • HY-108527R
    CD1530 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    CD1530 (Standard) is the analytical standard of CD1530 (HY-108527). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. CD1530 is an orally active, selective RARγ agonist and antibacterial agent. CD1530 reduces Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and overall Smad levels. CD1530 reduces β-catenin, MMP9 protein, and ROS levels. CD1530 exhibits activities such as inhibiting heterotopic ossification, promoting Achilles tendon healing, and inhibiting muscle fatty infiltration. CD1530 can be used in the research of orthopedic diseases (such as heterotopic ossification, Achilles tendon injury), muscle diseases (such as muscle fatty infiltration-related diseases).
    CD1530 (Standard)
  • HY-118642
    D-Ribose-L-cysteine
    D-Ribose-L-cysteine ​​is an orally active cysteine ​​analog. D-Ribose-L-cysteine ​​improves cellular antioxidant capacity by enhancing intracellular glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. In addition, D-Ribose-L-cysteine ​​has a memory-enhancing effect and can reverse Scopolamine (HY-N0296)-induced memory impairment by inhibiting oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. D-Ribose-L-cysteine ​​can be used in the study of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
    D-Ribose-L-cysteine
  • HY-108537R
    L 012 sodium salt (Standard)
    L 012 sodium salt (Standard) is the analytical standard of L 012 (sodium salt) (HY-108537). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L 012 sodium salt is a luminal-based chemiluminescent probe. L 012 sodium salt can detect NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived superoxide and nitrogen species (reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)).
    L 012 sodium salt (Standard)
  • HY-N2035R
    Moslosooflavone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Moslosooflavone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Moslosooflavone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Moslosooflavone is a flavonoid isolated from Andrographis paniculata. Moslosooflavone has an anti-hypoxia and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Moslosooflavone (Standard)
  • HY-N11882
    Plastoquinone
    Plastoquinone (PQ-9) is a photosynthetic electron carrier as well as a redox sensor capable of regulating state transitions and gene expression. Plastoquinone transfers electrons to the cytochrome b6/f complex via the Q cycle, and participates in the establishment of the thylakoid transmembrane pH gradient. Plastoquinone can react with ROS. Plastoquinone is used in plant photosynthesis research.
    Plastoquinone
  • HY-W002016R
    Phthalazine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Phthalazine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phthalazine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phthalazine is a substrate for human aldehyde oxidase 1, which can lead to the production of ROS and subsequent enzyme inactivation. Phthalazine is a nitrogen-containing organic heterocyclic compound. Phthalazine exhibits antitumor activity in blood cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer and renal cancer.
    Phthalazine (Standard)
  • HY-B2127R
    Azobenzene (Standard)
    Azobenzene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Azobenzene. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Azobenzene can be used as an optical trigger for the design and synthesis of a large variety of photoresponsive systems.
    Azobenzene (Standard)
  • HY-N1412R
    1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (Standard)
    1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a caffeoylquinic acid derivative that exhibits antioxidant activity and radical scavenging activity.
    1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (Standard)
  • HY-116084R
    Trimethylamine N-oxide (Standard)
    		Activator
    Trimethylamine N-oxide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Trimethylamine N-oxide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.
    Trimethylamine N-oxide (Standard)
  • HY-175301
    TH16
    		Activator
    TH16 is an antibacterial agent (MIC=2 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA). TH16 disrupts bacterial cytoplasmic membrane integrity, elevating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels to induce bacterial death. TH16 is promising for research of bacterial infection.
    TH16
  • HY-B0757
    Vitamin E nicotinate
    		Inhibitor
    Vitamin E nicotinate is the derivative of Vitamin E. Vitamin E nicotinate exhibits antioxidant activity and prevents lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E nicotinate upregulates levels of CD4+ T cells and IL-2, exhibits immunomodulatory activity. Vitamin E nicotinate exhibits antiplatelet and antihypertensive activities, that can be used in atherosclerosis and thrombosis ressearch.
    Vitamin E nicotinate
  • HY-131051
    Antimicrobial agent-41
    		Inhibitor
    Antimicrobial agent-41 (Compound 19) is a thiazolidinedione derivative. Antimicrobial agent-41 exhibits excellent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 27.66 μg/mL). Antimicrobial agent-41 also exhibits antidiabetic activity (IC50 = 40.01 μg/mL). Antimicrobial agent-41 has antimicrobial activity again both bacterial and fungi.
    Antimicrobial agent-41
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity