Kynurenic acid (Synonyms: Quinurenic acid)

Name: Kynurenic acid
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-100806
Rating: 5.0 (10 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-100806 Purity: 99.93%: Data Sheet
COA

SDS
Handling Instructions
FAQs
Technical Support

Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 492-27-3

Size	Stock	Quantity
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solid
100 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
500 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
1 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
5 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
10 g	Get quote
50 g	Get quote

or Bulk Inquiry

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

This product is a controlled substance and not for sale in your territory.

Customer Review

Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Kynurenic acid:

10 Publications Citing Use of MCE Kynurenic acid

Flow Cytometry

In Vivo Efficacy Study

Histological Imaging/Staining

Bio/Physico-chemical Assay

: Kynurenic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Dec 31:147:113651. [Abstract]; Following KYNA (100 μM, 4 h) treatment, the expression level of CD206 in M1 macrophages was significantly upregulated, indicating that KYNA can indeed promote the transformation of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages.

: Kynurenic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Dec 31:147:113651. [Abstract]; A comparison of the colon lengths among the five groups revealed that KYNA (1.5-2.5 mg/kg) intervention slightly improved the colon lengths of the mice.

: Kynurenic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Dec 31:147:113651. [Abstract]; The presence of KYNA (0.5-2.5 mg/kg) led to a reduction in colon damage, restoration of mucosal integrity, and its protective effect increased with higher dosages.

: Kynurenic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Metab. 2023 Feb;5(2):331-348. [Abstract]; The correlation heat map revealed that TPN-induced depletion of Lactobacillaceae and Muribaculum was positively correlated with the levels of IAA, ILA, indole and Kynurenic acid, while TPN-induced enrichment of Akkermansia, Helicobacter and Oscilibacter was negatively associated with indole metabolites.

: Kynurenic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Metab. 2023 Feb;5(2):331-348. [Abstract]; After administration of Kynurenic acid to a TPN mouse model, the blood concentration of kynurenic acid at the samples harvest time point.

Featured Recommendations

•Related Screening Libraries:

•Related Small Molecules:

•Related Proteins:

View All iGluR Isoform Specific Products:

View All Isoforms

AMPA Receptor NMDA Receptor Kainate Receptor

View All Endogenous Metabolite Isoform Specific Products:

View All Isoforms

Human Endogenous Metabolite Microbial Metabolite

View All CXCR Isoform Specific Products:

View All Isoforms

CXCR CXCR1 CXCR2 CXCR3 CXCR4 CXCR7 CXCR6

Biological Activity
Protocol
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

Human Endogenous Metabolite

NMDA Receptor

GPR35

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
CHO	EC₅₀	217 μM Compound: 1	Agonist activity at human GPR35 expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of beta-arrestin recruitment after 90 mins by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at human GPR35 expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of beta-arrestin recruitment after 90 mins by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23713606]
CHO	EC₅₀	39.2 μM Compound: 1	Agonist activity at human GPR35 expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in intracellular Ca2+ measured over 20 secs by Aequorin assay Agonist activity at human GPR35 expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in intracellular Ca2+ measured over 20 secs by Aequorin assay	[PMID: 23888932]
CHO	EC₅₀	66 μM Compound: 1	Agonist activity at rat GPR35 expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of beta-arrestin recruitment after 90 mins by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at rat GPR35 expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of beta-arrestin recruitment after 90 mins by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23713606]
HT-29	EC₅₀	152 μM Compound: Kynurenic acid	Agonist activity at GPR35 in human HT-29 cells by dynamic mass redistribution assay Agonist activity at GPR35 in human HT-29 cells by dynamic mass redistribution assay	[PMID: 22572579]
U2OS	EC₅₀	> 500 μM Compound: Kynurenic acid	Agonist activity at GPR35 in human U20S cells expressing beta-lactamase and Gal4-VP16 transcription factor assessed as beta arrestin translocation after 5 hrs by Tango assay Agonist activity at GPR35 in human U20S cells expressing beta-lactamase and Gal4-VP16 transcription factor assessed as beta arrestin translocation after 5 hrs by Tango assay	[PMID: 22572579]

In Vitro

GPR35 functions as a receptor for the kynurenine pathway intermediate kynurenic acid. Kynurenic acid elicits calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate production in a GPR35-dependent manner in the presence of G _qi/o chimeric G proteins. Kynurenic acid stimulates [³⁵S]guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) binding in GPR35-expressing cells, an effect abolished by pertussis toxin treatment. Kynurenic acid also induces the internalization of GPR35^[1]. KYNA’s neuroinhibitory qualities and its neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects are discovered using concentrations of the compound in the millimolar range. This, as well as the low affinity of KYNA at each of the three ionotropic glutamate receptors responsible for these effects [NMDA, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate], together with the realization that KYNA concentrations in the mammalian brain are in the sub-micromolar range, suggested that other receptors might serve as targets of endogenous Kynurenic acid. Kynurenic acid, with a shallower inhibition curve and non-competitively, antagonizes α7nAChRs on cultured hippocampal neurons with an IC₅₀ in the low micromolar range^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Kynurenic acid affects the activity of leukocytes in the peripheral blood of mice, although the lowest one (2.5 mg/L) has the most profound influence in contrast to the highest one (250 mg/L), which produces the weakest effect. The lowest Kynurenic acid dose stimulates the proliferative response of T lymphocytes (p<0.05), after 7 and 28 days of administering the acid to the animals^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

Molecular Weight

189.17

Formula

C₁₀H₇NO₃

CAS No.

492-27-3

Appearance

Solid

Color

Off-white to light yellow

SMILES

O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O

Structure Classification

Initial Source

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

0.1 M NaOH : 12.5 mg/mL (66.08 mM; ultrasonic and adjust pH to 9 with NaOH)

DMSO : 8.75 mg/mL (46.25 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	5.2863 mL	26.4313 mL	52.8625 mL
5 mM	1.0573 mL	5.2863 mL	10.5725 mL
10 mM	0.5286 mL	2.6431 mL	5.2863 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (6.61 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (12.5 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (6.61 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (12.5 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 50% PEG300 50% Saline
Solubility: 33.33 mg/mL (176.19 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

DMSO +

Tween-80 +

Saline

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).

Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.

If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.93%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (282 KB) SDS (396 KB)

COA (250 KB) HNMR (269 KB) RP-HPLC (225 KB) LCMS (98 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Wang J, et al. Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 4;281(31):22021-8. [Content Brief]

[2]. Albuquerque EX, et al. Kynurenic acid as an antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain: facts and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Apr 15;85(8):1027-32. [Content Brief]

[3]. Małaczewska J, et al. Effect of oral administration of kynurenic acid on the activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes in mice. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2014;39(1):6-13. [Content Brief]

Kinase Assay ^[1]	CHO-GPR35 stable cells are pretreated with or without pertussis toxin (100 ng/mL) for 16 h before harvesting. Cells are resuspended and homogenized in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 1 mM EDTA followed by centrifugation at 1000 ×g for 10 min at 4 °C to remove nuclei and cellular debris. Membrane fractions are collected by spinning the supernatant at 38,000 ×g for 30 min and resuspended in 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.5) and 5 mM MgCl₂. 25 μg of membranes is incubated at room temperature for 1 h in assay buffer (20 mM HEPES, 5 m MMgCl₂, 0.1% bovine serum albumin (pH 7.5)) containing 3 μM GDP and 0.1 nM[³⁵S]GTPγS in the absence or presence of kynurenic acid. Reactions are terminated by vacuum filtration through GF/B filters, and the retained radioactivities are quantified on liquid scintillation counter^[1]. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Administration ^[3]	Mouse: The experiment is performed on 160 male BALB/c mice, aged 10-12 weeks, with body weight of 22-26 g. The animals are maintained on a 12-h light/dark cycle at controlled temperature (20 ±1°C) and supplied with rodent chow and water ad libitum throughout the experiment. Mice are divided randomLy into four equal groups: control group (0) not receiving the Kynurenic acid, and three experimental groups administered the Kynurenic acid solution in drinking water at concentrations of 2.5, 25 or 250 mg/L. After 3, 7, 14 and 28 consecutive days of administration of the Kynurenic acid solution, 10 individuals from each group are sacrificed. The animals are anesthetized by inhalation of Aerrane and their blood is collected by heart puncture. Blood collected from five individuals of each group is used for the MTT assay, and from the next five for the flow cytometry^[3]. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
References	[1]. Wang J, et al. Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 4;281(31):22021-8. [Content Brief] [2]. Albuquerque EX, et al. Kynurenic acid as an antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain: facts and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Apr 15;85(8):1027-32. [Content Brief] [3]. Małaczewska J, et al. Effect of oral administration of kynurenic acid on the activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes in mice. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2014;39(1):6-13. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

DMSO / 0.1 M NaOH	1 mM	5.2863 mL	26.4313 mL	52.8625 mL	132.1563 mL
	5 mM	1.0573 mL	5.2863 mL	10.5725 mL	26.4313 mL
	10 mM	0.5286 mL	2.6431 mL	5.2863 mL	13.2156 mL
	15 mM	0.3524 mL	1.7621 mL	3.5242 mL	8.8104 mL
	20 mM	0.2643 mL	1.3216 mL	2.6431 mL	6.6078 mL
	25 mM	0.2115 mL	1.0573 mL	2.1145 mL	5.2863 mL
	30 mM	0.1762 mL	0.8810 mL	1.7621 mL	4.4052 mL
	40 mM	0.1322 mL	0.6608 mL	1.3216 mL	3.3039 mL
0.1 M NaOH	50 mM	0.1057 mL	0.5286 mL	1.0573 mL	2.6431 mL
0.1 M NaOH	60 mM	0.0881 mL	0.4405 mL	0.8810 mL	2.2026 mL

Kynurenic acid Related Classifications

Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Endocrinology

Help & FAQs

Do most proteins show cross-species activity?
Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Kynurenic acid492-27-3Quinurenic acidiGluREndogenous MetaboliteApoptosisCXCRGPR35Ionotropic glutamate receptorsCXC chemokine receptorsC-X-C motif chemokine receptorsG Protein-Coupled Receptor 35Inhibitorinhibitorinhibit

Please select a local distributor ナミキ商事株式会社コスモ・バイオ株式会社重松貿易株式会社
Product Name			Requested Quantity *
Applicant Name *			Salutation
Email Address *			Phone Number *
Department			Organization Name *
City			State
Country or Region *
Remarks

Product Name			Lot #
Applicant Name *			Email Address *
Phone Number			Department *
Organization Name *			Country or Region *
Remarks

Name
Email *

	Sorry, but the email address you supplied was invalid.

Kynurenic acid (Synonyms: Quinurenic acid)

Customer Review

Other Forms of Kynurenic acid:

Kynurenic acid Related Antibodies

10 Publications Citing Use of MCE Kynurenic acid

Featured Recommendations

•Related Screening Libraries:

•Related Small Molecules:

•Related Proteins:

View All iGluR Isoform Specific Products:

View All Endogenous Metabolite Isoform Specific Products:

View All CXCR Isoform Specific Products:

Biological Activity

Protocol

Purity & Documentation

References

Customer Review

Kynurenic acid Related Antibodies

Molarity Calculator

Dilution Calculator

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Kynurenic acid Related Classifications

Keywords:

Your Recently Viewed Products:

Customer Review

Request for HNMR Report

SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)

Request for HNMR Report