Kynurenic acid sodium

Name: Kynurenic acid sodium
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-107512
Rating: 5.0 (10 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-107512 Purity: 99.82%: Data Sheet
COA

SDS
Handling Instructions
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Kynurenic acid sodium, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid sodium is also an agonist of GPR35/CXCR8.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 2439-02-3

Size	Stock	Quantity
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solid
100 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
500 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
1 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
5 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
10 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
50 g	Get quote

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Customer Review

Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Kynurenic acid sodium:

Kynurenic acid In-stock
Kynurenic acid sodium (Standard) Get quote

10 Publications Citing Use of MCE Kynurenic acid sodium

Flow Cytometry

In Vivo Efficacy Study

Histological Imaging/Staining

Bio/Physico-chemical Assay

: Kynurenic acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Dec 31:147:113651. [Abstract]; Following KYNA (100 μM, 4 h) treatment, the expression level of CD206 in M1 macrophages was significantly upregulated, indicating that KYNA can indeed promote the transformation of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages.

: Kynurenic acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Dec 31:147:113651. [Abstract]; A comparison of the colon lengths among the five groups revealed that KYNA (1.5-2.5 mg/kg) intervention slightly improved the colon lengths of the mice.

: Kynurenic acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Dec 31:147:113651. [Abstract]; The presence of KYNA (0.5-2.5 mg/kg) led to a reduction in colon damage, restoration of mucosal integrity, and its protective effect increased with higher dosages.

: Kynurenic acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Metab. 2023 Feb;5(2):331-348. [Abstract]; The correlation heat map revealed that TPN-induced depletion of Lactobacillaceae and Muribaculum was positively correlated with the levels of IAA, ILA, indole and Kynurenic acid, while TPN-induced enrichment of Akkermansia, Helicobacter and Oscilibacter was negatively associated with indole metabolites.

: Kynurenic acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Metab. 2023 Feb;5(2):331-348. [Abstract]; After administration of Kynurenic acid to a TPN mouse model, the blood concentration of kynurenic acid at the samples harvest time point.

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Biological Activity
Protocol
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

NMDA Receptor

Human Endogenous Metabolite

In Vitro

GPR35 functions as a receptor for the kynurenine pathway intermediate kynurenic acid. Kynurenic acid elicits calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate production in a GPR35-dependent manner in the presence of G _qi/o chimeric G proteins. Kynurenic acid stimulates [³⁵S]guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) binding in GPR35-expressing cells, an effect abolished by pertussis toxin treatment. Kynurenic acid also induces the internalization of GPR35^[1]. KYNA’s neuroinhibitory qualities and its neuroprotective and anticonvulsant effects are discovered using concentrations of the compound in the millimolar range. This, as well as the low affinity of KYNA at each of the three ionotropic glutamate receptors responsible for these effects [NMDA, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate], together with the realization that KYNA concentrations in the mammalian brain are in the sub-micromolar range, suggested that other receptors might serve as targets of endogenous Kynurenic acid. Kynurenic acid, with a shallower inhibition curve and non-competitively, antagonizes α7nAChRs on cultured hippocampal neurons with an IC₅₀ in the low micromolar range^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Kynurenic acid affects the activity of leukocytes in the peripheral blood of mice, although the lowest one (2.5 mg/L) has the most profound influence in contrast to the highest one (250 mg/L), which produces the weakest effect. The lowest Kynurenic acid dose stimulates the proliferative response of T lymphocytes (p<0.05), after 7 and 28 days of administering the acid to the animals^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Molecular Weight

211.15

Formula

C₁₀H₆NNaO₃

CAS No.

2439-02-3

Appearance

Solid

Color

Light yellow to gray

SMILES

O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O[Na]

Structure Classification

Initial Source

Endogenous metabolite

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (236.80 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	4.7360 mL	23.6798 mL	47.3597 mL
5 mM	0.9472 mL	4.7360 mL	9.4719 mL
10 mM	0.4736 mL	2.3680 mL	4.7360 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.84 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.84 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.84 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

DMSO +

Tween-80 +

Saline

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).

Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.

If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.82%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (282 KB) SDS (393 KB)

COA (250 KB) HNMR (192 KB) LCMS (93 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Wang J, et al. Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 4;281(31):22021-8. [Content Brief]

[2]. Albuquerque EX, et al. Kynurenic acid as an antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain: facts and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Apr 15;85(8):1027-32. [Content Brief]

[3]. Małaczewska J, et al. Effect of oral administration of kynurenic acid on the activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes in mice. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2014;39(1):6-13. [Content Brief]

Kinase Assay ^[1]	CHO-GPR35 stable cells are pretreated with or without pertussis toxin (100 ng/mL) for 16 h before harvesting. Cells are resuspended and homogenized in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 1 mM EDTA followed by centrifugation at 1000 ×g for 10 min at 4 °C to remove nuclei and cellular debris. Membrane fractions are collected by spinning the supernatant at 38,000 ×g for 30 min and resuspended in 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.5) and 5 mM MgCl₂. 25 μg of membranes is incubated at room temperature for 1 h in assay buffer (20 mM HEPES, 5 m MMgCl₂, 0.1% bovine serum albumin (pH 7.5)) containing 3 μM GDP and 0.1 nM[³⁵S]GTPγS in the absence or presence of kynurenic acid. Reactions are terminated by vacuum filtration through GF/B filters, and the retained radioactivities are quantified on liquid scintillation counter^[1]. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Administration ^[3]	Mouse: The experiment is performed on 160 male BALB/c mice, aged 10-12 weeks, with body weight of 22-26 g. The animals are maintained on a 12-h light/dark cycle at controlled temperature (20 ±1°C) and supplied with rodent chow and water ad libitum throughout the experiment. Mice are divided randomLy into four equal groups: control group (0) not receiving the Kynurenic acid, and three experimental groups administered the Kynurenic acid solution in drinking water at concentrations of 2.5, 25 or 250 mg/L. After 3, 7, 14 and 28 consecutive days of administration of the Kynurenic acid solution, 10 individuals from each group are sacrificed. The animals are anesthetized by inhalation of Aerrane and their blood is collected by heart puncture. Blood collected from five individuals of each group is used for the MTT assay, and from the next five for the flow cytometry^[3]. MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
References	[1]. Wang J, et al. Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR35. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 4;281(31):22021-8. [Content Brief] [2]. Albuquerque EX, et al. Kynurenic acid as an antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain: facts and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Apr 15;85(8):1027-32. [Content Brief] [3]. Małaczewska J, et al. Effect of oral administration of kynurenic acid on the activity of the peripheral blood leukocytes in mice. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2014;39(1):6-13. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

DMSO	1 mM	4.7360 mL	23.6798 mL	47.3597 mL	118.3992 mL
	5 mM	0.9472 mL	4.7360 mL	9.4719 mL	23.6798 mL
	10 mM	0.4736 mL	2.3680 mL	4.7360 mL	11.8399 mL
	15 mM	0.3157 mL	1.5787 mL	3.1573 mL	7.8933 mL
	20 mM	0.2368 mL	1.1840 mL	2.3680 mL	5.9200 mL
	25 mM	0.1894 mL	0.9472 mL	1.8944 mL	4.7360 mL
	30 mM	0.1579 mL	0.7893 mL	1.5787 mL	3.9466 mL
	40 mM	0.1184 mL	0.5920 mL	1.1840 mL	2.9600 mL
	50 mM	0.0947 mL	0.4736 mL	0.9472 mL	2.3680 mL
	60 mM	0.0789 mL	0.3947 mL	0.7893 mL	1.9733 mL
	80 mM	0.0592 mL	0.2960 mL	0.5920 mL	1.4800 mL
	100 mM	0.0474 mL	0.2368 mL	0.4736 mL	1.1840 mL