2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0837R
    Veratramine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Veratramine (NSC17821; NSC23880) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Veratramine (HY-N0837). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Veratramine (NSC17821; NSC23880) is an orally active inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and a SIGMAR1 modulator. Veratramine induces autophagic apoptosis of tumor cells, arrests the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins to reduce tumor migration. Veratramine reduces spinal cord and sciatic nerve pathological damage in a neuropathy model by inhibiting SIGMAR1 binding to NMDAR and phosphorylation of NMDAR Ser896. Veratramine has anti-tumor proliferation, apoptosis induction, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities, and can be used in the study of cancers such as liver cancer and osteosarcoma, as well as diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
    Veratramine (Standard)
  • HY-B0016S
    Capecitabine-d11
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Capecitabine-d11 is the deuterium labeled Capecitabine. Capecitabine is an oral proagent that is converted to its active metabolite, 5-FU, by thymidine phosphorylase.
    Capecitabine-d<sub>11</sub>
  • HY-115498
    ARN14494
    		Inhibitor 99.08%
    ARN14494 is a potent and selective serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 27.3 nM. ARN14494 affects the CNS in terms of anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. ARN14494 protects neurons from β-amyloid 1-42-induced neurotoxicity through a variety of mechanisms, including anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation. ARN14494 can be used for Alzheimer’s disease research.
    ARN14494
  • HY-N6745
    Citreoviridin
    		Inducer 98.39%
    Citreoviridin, a toxin from Penicillium citreoviride NRRL 2579, inhibits brain synaptosomal Na+/K+-ATPase whereas in microsomes, both Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities are significantly stimulated in a dose-dependent manner. Citreoviridin inhibits cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
    Citreoviridin
  • HY-G0017S
    N-Desmethyl imatinib-d8
    		Inducer 99.95%
    N-Desmethyl imatinib-d8 is a deuterium labeled Imatinib metabolite N-Desmethyl Imatinib (HY-G0017). N‑Desmethyl imatinib (Norimatinib) is an active metabolite of Imatinib (HY-15463), a selective c‑Abl inhibitor, and a substrate of P‑glycoprotein. N-Desmethyl imatinib binds to the c-Abl catalytic domain to prevent substrate phosphorylation, inhibits c-Abl-mediated α-synuclein activation and downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. N-Desmethyl imatinib induces apoptosis in K562 human leukemia cells. N-Desmethyl imatinib exhibits significantly elevated plasma levels in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) settings following mild SARS CoV 2 infection. N-Desmethyl imatinib can be used for the research of Parkinson’s disease, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and chronic myeloid leukemia.
    N-Desmethyl imatinib-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-N7259
    (+)-Isomenthone
    		Inducer 99.13%
    (+)-Isomenthone is an enantiomer form of Menthone (HY-N2381). (+)-Isomenthone blocks TNF-α-triggered activation of the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways.(+)-Isomenthone inhibits TNF-α-mediated reductions in cell viability, increases in apoptosis, and downstream apoptotic events linked to pathway activation.(+)-Isomenthone protects human dermal fibroblasts against TNF-α-induced cell death under serum-deprived conditions.
    (+)-Isomenthone
  • HY-103566
    LY456236
    		Inducer 99.57%
    LY456236 is a selective, non-competitive and orally active antagonist of glutamate receptor 1 (mGlu1), which can inhibit phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis with an IC50 of 0.145 μM. LY456236 can also inhibit EGFR, with an IC50 of 0.918 μM. LY456236 blocks cell proliferation by inhibiting the MAPK pathway, reversing the anti-apoptotic effect of DHPG (HY-12598A). LY456236 can be used in epilepsy research.
    LY456236
  • HY-163622
    USP10-IN-3
    		Inducer 98.00%
    USP10-IN-3 (compound D1) is a potent USP10 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 7.2 µM. USP10-IN-3 inhibits cell proliferation. USP10-IN-3 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at S-phase.
    USP10-IN-3
  • HY-153999
    Rondaptivon pegol
    		Inhibitor 98.20%
    Rondaptivon pegol (BT200) is an aptamer targeting von Willebrand factor (VWF), with an EC50 of 33 nM in humans. Rondaptivon pegol effectively alleviates acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by inhibiting VWF activity, reducing microvascular obstruction, inflammatory responses and cardiomyocyte apoptosis (apoptosis). Rondaptivon pegol inhibits the binding of VWF to platelet glycoprotein GPIb, thereby preventing arterial thrombosis in cynomolgus monkeys. Rondaptivon pegol can be used in research related to arterial thrombosis, stroke, myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
    Rondaptivon pegol
  • HY-112402
    SP 600125, negative control
    		Control 98.05%
    SP 600125, negative control (SPM1) is an alkyl derivative of pyrazoloanthrone, which can be used as a negative control for SP600125 (HY-12041).
    SP 600125, negative control
  • HY-P3993
    (Gly14)-Humanin (human)
    		Inhibitor
    (Gly14)-Humanin (human) (14-Glycine-Humanin (human)) is an analog of Humanin in which the 14th amino acid serine was replaced with glycine (Gly). (Gly14)-Humanin (human) has anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective functions.
    (Gly14)-Humanin (human)
  • HY-126109
    (±)-8-Prenylnaringenin
    		Inducer 99.97%
    (±)-8-Prenylnaringenin, a natural prenylated flavonoid, is a potent phytoestrogen. (±)-8-Prenylnaringenin is an orally active selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) (Estrogen Receptor/ERR) that inhibits ERα and ERβ with IC50s of 57 nM and 68 nM, respectively. (±)-8-Prenylnaringenin has anticancer effects, and can be used for osteoporosis research.
    (±)-8-Prenylnaringenin
  • HY-131867
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG1-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.59%
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG1-NH2 hydrochloride is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG1-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-N3225
    Myricanol
    		Inducer 98.93%
    Myricanol is a diarylheptanoid and a Nampt activator. Myricanol exerts anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy by increasing Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and PRDX5 activities while regulating inflammatory factors. Myricanol exhibits growth inhibition and induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Myricanol promotes autophagy-mediated clearance of microtubule-associated protein tau to exert neuroprotective effects. Myricanol protects cardiovascular function by inhibiting PDGFRβ and NF-κB signaling pathways. Myricanol activates mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) expression to exert anti-renal fibrosis effects. Myricanol improves insulin resistance through AMPK activation.
    Myricanol
  • HY-149213
    LSD1/TLK1-IN-1
    		Inducer 99.20%
    LSD1/TLK1-IN-1 is an orally active LSD1, TLK1, TLK2, TTK inhibitor with an LSD1 IC50 of 0.247 μM. LSD1/TLK1-IN-1 suppresses phosphorylation of Nek1 at T141 and Rad9 at S328, abrogates the TLK1>Nek1>ATR>Chk1 axis, protects H3K4me1/2 from demethylation, and does not affect LSD2, MAO-A, or MAO-B. LSD1/TLK1-IN-1 induces apoptosis, bypasses cell-cycle arrest, suppresses tumor growth, downregulates PD-L1 expression, enhances T-cell killing response, inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation. LSD1/TLK1-IN-1 can be used for the research of prostate cancer and gastric cancer.
    LSD1/TLK1-IN-1
  • HY-P991400
    GSK1995057
    		Inhibitor 99.09%
    GSK1995057 is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting TNFRSF1A. GSK1995057 selectively binds to TNFR1, blocks the binding of TNF-α and LT-α, and does not interfere with TNFR2 signaling. GSK1995057 inhibits the activation of NF-κB, JNK and MAPK pathways, alleviates apoptosis (apoptosis) and inflammatory responses (inhibiting IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), and prevents viability loss of human nucleus pulposus cells. GSK1995057 inhibits the expression of cytokines and neutrophil adhesion molecules in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell monolayers, and reduces inflammatory responses and lung injury symptoms in non-human primates. GSK1995057 forms complexes with HAVH autoantibodies, thereby activating TNFR1 and triggering the release of cytokines and IL-8 in human cells. GSK1995057 can be used in research related to intervertebral disc degeneration and acute lung injury.
    GSK1995057
  • HY-B0835
    Fenobucarb
    		Inducer 98.62%
    Fenobucarb is a carbamate insecticide. Fenobucarb induces zebrafish developmental neurotoxicity through pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, degeneration and apoptosis. Fenobucarb is a possible risk factor to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems in animals.
    Fenobucarb
  • HY-100709
    ZPCK
    		Inducer 99.0%
    ZPCK is an oral active proagent of gemcitabine that was designed for improved oral bioavailability.
    ZPCK
  • HY-129156
    HS-1793
    		Inducer 99.26%
    HS-1793 is a Resveratrol (HY-16561) analogue with antitumor activities in a variety of cancer cell lines. HS-1793 induces cell apoptosis.
    HS-1793
  • HY-131139A
    Ganglioside GD3 diammonium
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Ganglioside GD3 diammonium is an acidic glycosphingolipid. Ganglioside GD3 diammonium inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells, affects the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTPC), induces apoptosis and activates caspase family. Ganglioside GD3 diammonium can be used in research about cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
    Ganglioside GD3 diammonium
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity