2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0271R
    Echinocystic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Echinocystic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Echinocystic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Echinocystic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpene with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.
    Echinocystic acid (Standard)
  • HY-176252
    CALR ligand 1
    		Inducer
    CALR ligand 1 (Compound 2a) is a calreticulin (CALR) ligand. CALR ligand 1 shows antitumor activity against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells (IC50=0.1 μM). CALR ligand 1 induces intracellular calcium overloading and triggers apoptosis in TNBC cells. CALR ligand 1 is promising for research of TNBC .
    CALR ligand 1
  • HY-155645
    Topoisomerase II inhibitor 15
    		Inducer
    Topoisomerase II inhibitor 15 (compound 2g) is a Topoisomerase II inhibitor. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 15 potently is an apoptotic inducer with greater selectivity against head and neck tumors.
    Topoisomerase II inhibitor 15
  • HY-168609
    CRI9
    		Activator
    CRI9 inhibits the c-MET/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, suppressing the growth of liver cancer cells. CRI9 shows strong cytotoxicity against HCC cells, inducing apoptosis.
    CRI9
  • HY-N6908R
    Continentalic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Continentalic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Continentalic acid (HY-N6908). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Continentalic acid is a diterpenoid organic acid. Continentalic acid exhibits multiple activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antibacterial and antitumor effects. Continentalic acid alleviates oxidative stress, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibits MAPK phosphorylation and neutrophil infiltration, and induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of cancer cells. Continentalic acid can be used in research related to traumatic brain injury, cancer, inflammation and infections.
    Continentalic acid (Standard)
  • HY-N2037AS
    Higenamine-d4 hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Higenamine-d4 (Norcoclaurine-d4; Demethyl-Coclaurine-d4) hydrochloride is deuterium-labeled Higenamine (hydrochloride) (HY-N2037A).
    Higenamine-d<sub>4</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-17437C
    (Rac)-Mefloquine
    		Inducer
    (Rac)-Mefloquine ((Rac)-Mefloquin) is an orally active NF-κB inhibitor. (Rac)-Mefloquine inhibits the NF-κB and IKK signaling pathways, suppresses NF-κB-Luc luciferase activity, blocks the activation of p65 and IκBα, and reduces the expression of downstream target genes of NF-κB. (Rac)-Mefloquine activates apoptosis-related factors and induces apoptosis in tumor cells. (Rac)-Mefloquine functions as a tumor cell inhibitor. (Rac)-Mefloquine can be used for the research of colorectal cancer.
    (Rac)-Mefloquine
  • HY-176147
    Apoptosis inducer 38
    		Inducer
    Apoptosis inducer 38 (compound CA7) is a potent Apoptosis inducer. Apoptosis inducer 38 inhibits MDA-MB-231 activity with an IC50 of 0.45 μM.
    Apoptosis inducer 38
  • HY-184250
    FGFR-IN-28
    		Inducer
    FGFR-IN-28 is a FGFR inhibitor with inhibitory activity against multiple subtypes of the FGFR family, with an IC50 of 4.4 nM against FGFR4. FGFR-IN-28 inhibits kinase activity and phosphorylation processes, and blocks the downstream MAPK and AKT signaling pathways. FGFR-IN-28 induces cellular DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and ferroptosis, and reduces the adhesion, invasion and metastasis abilities of cancer cells. FGFR-IN-28 exhibits anti-tumor activity in in vitro experiments on colon cancer cells, and inhibits tumor growth in colon cancer xenograft models. FGFR-IN-28 can be used in colon cancer-related research.
    FGFR-IN-28
  • HY-163535
    J208
    		Inducer
    J208 is a dual inhibitor for histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). J208 inhibits proliferation of cancer cells, as well as the migration/invasion of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. J208 induces apoptosis, arrests the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. J2008 activates the innate immune signalling pathway in TNBC, by inducing the expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs).
    J208
  • HY-B0298AR
    Clemastine fumarate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Clemastine (HS-592; Meclastine) fumarate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Clemastine fumarate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Clemastine fumarate is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable H1 histamine receptor (H1 histamine receptor) antagonist with potent antiallergic effects. Clemastine fumarate also antagonizes muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR), particularly the M1 and M4 subtypes. In addition to antihistamine effects, Clemastine fumarate exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, especially in promoting central nervous system remyelination, activating autophagy and pyroptosis, exerting anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects, and suppressing inflammation .
    Clemastine fumarate (Standard)
  • HY-174453
    PROTAC ERα Degrader-12
    		Inducer
    PROTAC ERα Degrader-12 is a potent and selective Erα PROTAC degrader. PROTAC ERα Degrader-12 has antiproliferative effects in multiple breast cancer cell lines with wild-type or mutant ERα. PROTAC ERα Degrader-12 can halt the cell cycle and induce cell apoptosis. PROTAC ERα Degrader-12 exhibits excellent antitumor and ERα degradation activity. PROTAC ERα Degrader-12 can be used for research on breast cancer. (Pink: ER ligand-11 (HY-174475); Blue: VHL ligand (HY-112078); Black: Linker (HY-W088749); VHL ligand + Linker ( HY-W998310)).
    PROTAC ERα Degrader-12
  • HY-B0214S2
    Prednisone-d4
    		Inducer
    Prednisone-d4 is deuterated labeled Prednisone (HY-B0214). Prednisone (Adasone) is a corticosteroid agent with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects that can be used to study diseases related to systemic lupus erythematosus.
    Prednisone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-168720
    Apoptosis inducer 32
    		Inducer
    Apoptosis inducer 32 (Compound 7g) is an apoptosis inducer with a KD of 42 μM, showing anti-tumor activity. Apoptosis inducer 32 caused significant cellular morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells, including membrane bubbling, nuclear fragmentation, and apoptotic body formation. The IC50 of Apoptosis inducer 32 in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and HEK cells is 4.77, 6.56 and 337.8 μM respectively.
    Apoptosis inducer 32
  • HY-161868
    DLC-50
    		Inducer
    DLC-50 is a dual inhibitor for PARP-1 and HDAC-1 with IC50 of 1.2 nM and 31 nM. DLC-50 inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells MDA-MB-436, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 with IC50 of 0.3, 2.7 and 2.41 μM. DLC-50 induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-231, arrests the cell cycle at G2 phase.
    DLC-50
  • HY-175321
    PROTAC c-Met degrader-6
    		Inducer
    PROTAC c-Met degrader-6 is a potent and orally active c-Met PROTACdegrader. PROTAC c-Met degrader-6 significantly induces the degradation of the c-Met protein with DC50s of 0.52 nM and 0.45 nM in EBC-1 and Hs746T. PROTAC c-Met degrader-6 almost abrogates the migratory and invasion abilities of tumor cells and significantly induces the apoptosis and blocks the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. PROTAC c-Met degrader-6 can be used for the study of various cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer and stomach cancer (Pink: c-Met ligand (HY-W425461); Blue: E3 ligand (HY-14658); Black: Linker (HY-20797)).
    PROTAC c-Met degrader-6
  • HY-119866
    β-Alethine
    		Inducer
    β-Alethine is a disulfide that can be used as an anti-tumor agent and immune adjuvant.
    β-Alethine
  • HY-162619
    CDK9-IN-33
    		Inducer
    CDK9-IN-33 (compound C35) is a potent, selective and orally active CDK9 inhibitor with IC50 values of 17.44, 160, 316.30, 1771.00, >10000 nM for CDK9, CDK7, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 respectively. CDK9-IN-33 induces apoptosis. CDK9-IN-33 decreases the protein expression of RPB1 CTD Ser2, RPB1, MCL1. CDK9-IN-33 shows anti-tumor activity.
    CDK9-IN-33
  • HY-W013573R
    S-Allyl-L-cysteine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    S-Allyl-L-cysteine (Standard) is the analytical standard of S-Allyl-L-cysteine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. S-Allyl-L-cysteine, one of the organosulfur compounds found in AGE, possess various biological effects including neurotrophic activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity.
    S-Allyl-L-cysteine (Standard)
  • HY-183329
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-92
    		Inducer
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-92, an analog of KX-01 (HY-10340), is a potent orally active tubulin polymerization inhibitor that binds tubulin with a Ka of 1.29 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-92 simultaneously occupies the colchicine site in β-tubulin and a cavity in α-tubulin. Tubulin polymerization-IN-92 exerts antiproliferative activity, induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Tubulin polymerization-IN-92 inhibits tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. Tubulin polymerization-IN-92 can be used for the research of colon cancer, cervical cancer, and Paclitaxel (HY-B0015)-resistant ovarian cancer.
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-92
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity