2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-130648
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG7
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG7 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate for ADC. Thalidomide-NH-PEG7 can be connected to the ligand for protein by a linker to form PROTAC iRucaparib-AP6, a highly specific PARP1 degrader.
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG7
  • HY-107439A
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C8-NH2 hydrochloride, a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker, can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C8-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-13630A
    Etoposide phosphate disodium
    		Inducer
    Etoposide phosphate disodium (BMY-40481 disodium) is a potent anti-cancer chemotherapy agent and a selective topoisomerase II inhibitor to prevent re-ligation of DNA strands. Etoposide phosphate disodium is the phosphate ester proagent of etoposide and is considered as active equivalent to Etoposide. Etoposide phosphate disodium induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy.
    Etoposide phosphate disodium
  • HY-138787
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG3-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG3-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-Piperazine-PEG3-NH2
  • HY-129703
    Thalidomide-PEG2-C2-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-PEG2-C2-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 2-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-PEG2-C2-NH2
  • HY-15425B
    PF-543 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    PF-543 hydrochloride (Sphingosine Kinase 1 Inhibitor II hydrochloride) is a potent, selective, reversible and sphingosine-competitive SPHK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2 nM and a Ki of 3.6 nM. PF-543 hydrochloride is >100-fold selectivity for SPHK1 over SPHK2. PF-543 hydrochloride is an effective potent inhibitor of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) formation in whole blood with an IC50 of 26.7 nM. PF-543 hydrochloride induces apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy.
    PF-543 hydrochloride
  • HY-14648S2
    Dexamethasone-d4
    		Inducer 98.93%
    Dexamethasone-d4 is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.
    Dexamethasone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-122694
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG-C2-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG-C2-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG-C2-NH2
  • HY-10572BR
    (Rac)-Efavirenz (Standard)
    		Inducer
    (Rac)-Efavirenz (Standard) is the analytical standard of (Rac)-Efavirenz. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (Rac)-Efavirenz is the isomer of Efavirenz (HY-10572). Efavirenz (DMP 266) is a potent inhibitor of the wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with a Ki of 2.93 nM and exhibits an IC95 of 1.5 nM for the inhibition of HIV-1 replicative spread in cell culture.
    (Rac)-Efavirenz (Standard)
  • HY-B1370B
    (R)-Hydroxychloroquine
    		Inhibitor
    (R)-Hydroxychloroquine is the enantiomer of Hydroxychloroquine. Hydroxychloroquine is a synthetic antimalarial agent which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. Hydroxychloroquine is efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
    (R)-Hydroxychloroquine
  • HY-N0538S
    Xylitol-1-13C
    		99.0%
    Xylitol-1-13C is the 13C labeled Xylit.
    Xylitol-1-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-135250A
    Thalidomide-4-O-C6-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-O-C6-NH2 TFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate used in the PROTAC dTAG-13 (HY-114421), a degrader of FKBP12F36V and BET.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C6-NH2 TFA
  • HY-129578R
    Asperphenamate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Asperphenamate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Asperphenamate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Asperphenamate, a fungal metabolite of Aspergillus flatiipes with anti-cancer effect, exhibits IC50 values of 92.3 μM, 96.5 μM and 97.9 μM in T47D, MDA-MB-231 and HL-60 cells, respectively[1][2].
    Asperphenamate (Standard)
  • HY-B0450S1
    Ciclopirox-d11 sodium
    		Inducer
    Ciclopirox-d11 (sodium) is deuterium labeled Ciclopirox. Ciclopirox (HOE296b) is a synthetic antifungal agent that can be used for superficial mycoses reseaech. Ciclopirox olamine has a very broad spectrum of activity and inhibits dermatophytes, yeasts, molds, and many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species pathogenic.
    Ciclopirox-d<sub>11</sub> sodium
  • HY-141423A
    Thalidomide-O-amide-C5-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-amide-C5-NH2 TFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amide-C5-NH2 TFA
  • HY-130963
    Thalidomide-4-O-C10-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-O-C10-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-4-O-C10-NH2
  • HY-B0172S1
    Lithocholic acid-d5
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Lithocholic acid-d5 is deuterium labeled Lithocholic acid.
    Lithocholic acid-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-131998
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG4-MS
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG4-MS is an E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used for PROTAC BCL-XL degrader XZ739.
    Thalidomide-NH-PEG4-MS
  • HY-50856S2
    Ruxolitinib-d9
    		Inducer
    Ruxolitinib-d9 (INCB18424-d9) is deuterium labeled Ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib (INCB18424) is an orally active and selective JAK1/2 inhibitor with IC50s of 3.3 nM and 2.8 nM in cell-free assays, and has 130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 over JAK3. Ruxolitinib induces autophagy and kills tumor cells through toxic mitophagy.
    Ruxolitinib-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-151137
    HSP90/mTOR-IN-1
    		Inducer
    HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 is a potent and orally active Hsp90 and mTOR inhibitor with IC50 values of 69 nM and 29 nM, respectively. HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 suppresses the proliferation of SW780 cells through the over-activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 induces apoptosis and autophagy via selective Hsp90 and mTOR inhibition. HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 also has considerable in vivo anti-tumor activity. HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 can be used for researching bladder cancer.
    HSP90/mTOR-IN-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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