2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-10882S
    Clotrimazole-d5
    		Inhibitor 99.47%
    Clotrimazole-d5 is the deuterium labeled Clotrimazole. Clotrimazole is an imidazole derivative, an antifungal compound and is a CYP (cytochrome P450) inhibitor. Clotrimazole has antibacterial activity.
    Clotrimazole-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-W584518
    Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COOH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COOH is an E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and NH-PEG3-NH-Boc. Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COOH acts as a ligand for Cereblon to recruit CRBN protein. Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COOH is a key intermediate in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules designed based on CRBN.
    Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COOH
  • HY-18081
    PF 750
    		98.99%
    PF 750 is a selective, covalent and brain-penetrant fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor. PF 750 covalently carbamylates FAAH's catalytic serine nucleophile to inactivate the enzyme.
    PF 750
  • HY-W287569
    STK683963
    		99.41%
    STK683963 is a strong activator of cellular ATG4B activity. STK683963 can act as a mediator of redox-regulation of ATG4B in cells. STK683963 can be used for the research of cancer.
    STK683963
  • HY-17640
    Nicodicosapent
    		99.79%
    Nicodicosapent is a fatty acid niacin conjugate that is also an inhibitor of the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism proteins such as PCSK9, HMG-CoA reductase, ATP citrate lyase, and NPC1L1.
    Nicodicosapent
  • HY-130716
    Thalidomide-NH-C10-COOH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-C10-COOH (compound 6b) is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based CRBN ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-C10-COOH
  • HY-174400
    SGLT2-IN-2
    		99.57%
    SGLT2-IN-2 (Compound E9) is an inhibitor of SGLT2. SGLT2-IN-2 significantly enhances the inhibition of SGLT2, NHE1, and SOD enzyme activity. SGLT2-IN-2 has protective effect on the glucose-free DMEM-induced injured cardiomyocytes. SGLT2-IN-2 significantly improves cardiac function in TAC-induced HF mice and inhibits cardiomyocyte hypertrophy as well as collagen deposition. SGLT2-IN-2 can ameliorate myocardial tissue damage and enhance mitochondrial autophagy in injured cardiomyocytes, thereby increasing survival rates in HF mice.
    SGLT2-IN-2
  • HY-B0271S
    Pyrazinamide-d3
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Pyrazinamide-d3 is deuterium labeled Pyrazinamide. Pyrazinamide (Pyrazinecarboxamide; Pyrazinoic acid amide) is a potent and orally active antitubercular antibiotic. Pyrazinamide is a proagent that is converted to the active form pyrazinoic acid (POA) by PZase/nicotinamidase encoded by the pncA gene in M. tuberculosis.
    Pyrazinamide-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-124582
    NEO214
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    NEO214 is an autophagy inhibitor and a covalent conjugate of the PDE4 inhibitor Rolipram (HY-16900) and perillyl alcohol (HY-N7000). It has anti-cancer activity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Over sex. NEO214 prevents autophagy-lysosome fusion, thereby blocking autophagic flux and triggering glioma cell death. The process involves mTOR activation, andTFEB(Transcription Factor EB) aggregation. NEO214 inhibitionMacroautophagy/autophagy in glioblastoma cells has the potential to overcome chemotherapy resistance in glioblastoma.
    NEO214
  • HY-14541R
    Olanzapine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Olanzapine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Olanzapine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Olanzapine (LY170053) is a selective, orally active monoaminergic antagonist with high affinity binding to serotonin H1, 5HT2A/2C, 5HT3, 5HT6 (Ki=7, 4, 11, 57, and 5 nM, respectively), dopamine D1-4 (Ki=11 to 31 nM), muscarinic M1-5 (Ki=1.9-25 nM), and adrenergic α1 receptor (Ki=19 nM). Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic.
    Olanzapine (Standard)
  • HY-176166
    PD-M6
    		Inducer 98.17%
    PD-M6 is a mTOR PROTAC degrader (DC50: 4.8 μM). PD-M6 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of mTOR. PD-M6 downregulates MAPKAP1 and CASTOR1, and induces Autophagy. PD-M6 inhibits the proliferation of cervical cancer, breast cancer and liver cancer cell lines. PD-M6 can be used for the research of cervical cancer, breast cancer and liver cancer.
    PD-M6
  • HY-B1039AS
    Ambroxol-d5 hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.61%
    Ambroxol-d5 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Ambroxol hydrochloride. Ambroxol hydrochloride (NA-872 hydrochloride), an active metabolite of the proagent Bromhexine, has potent expectorant effects. Ambroxol hydrochloride is a glucocerebrosidase (GCase) chaperone and increases glucocerebrosidase activity. Ambroxol hydrochloride induces lung autophagy and has the potential for Parkinson disease and neuronopathic Gaucher disease research.
    Ambroxol-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-112328
    Fascaplysin
    		Inducer
    Fascaplysin is an antimicrobial and cytotoxic red pigment, that can come from the marine sponge (Fascaplysinopsis sp.). Fascaplysin has been synthesized in seven steps from indole (65% yield). Fascaplysin can induces apoptosis and autophagy in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Fascaplysin shows anti-tumor activity.
    Fascaplysin
  • HY-126193
    JS-K
    		Inducer 99.59%
    JS-K is a NO donor that reacts with glutathione to generate NO at physiological pH. JS-K induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) to mediate apoptosis. JS-K induces autophagy. JS-K inhibits invasion. JS-K has a broad spectrum anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells. JS-K reduces tumor volume and causes necrosis of implanted tumors in mice.
    JS-K
  • HY-162567
    AP-4-139B
    		Activator 98.87%
    AP-4-139B is a blood-brain barrier-permeable HSP70 inhibitor with a IC50 of 180 nM against hHSP70. AP-4-139B binds directly to HSP70 and inhibits its ATPase activity. AP-4-139B promotes Autophagy by increasing the phosphorylation of Beclin-1. AP-4-139B exerts antitumor effects in preclinical models of colorectal cancer and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
    AP-4-139B
  • HY-178155A
    AP232 dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    AP232 dihydrochloride is a selective U2AF1-UHM Inhibitor with an IC50 of 7.96 μM. AP232 dihydrochloride exhibits 2.8-24-fold selectivity against other UHM-containing proteins. AP232 dihydrochloride exerts anti-leukemia activity and shows higher activities in cell lines carrying splicing factor mutations. AP232 dihydrochloride can induce leukemia cells G2/M and G1 arrest, impair lysosome acidification, and inhibit autophagy. AP232 dihydrochloride can be used for the research of cancer, such as Leukemia.
    AP232 dihydrochloride
  • HY-N6772
    Cytochalasin E
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    Cytochalasin E, an epoxide containing Aspergillus-derived fungal metabolite, inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cytochalasin E is a potent actin depolymerization agent, and it binds and caps the barbed end of actin filaments to prevent actin elongation.
    Cytochalasin E
  • HY-N2113
    Glaucocalyxin B
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Glaucocalyxin B is an ent kaurane diterpenoid isolated from the Chinese traditional medicine Rabdosia japonica with anticancer and antitumor activity; decreases the growth of HL-60 cells with an IC50 of approximately 5.86 μM at 24 h.
    Glaucocalyxin B
  • HY-P10422A
    Multi-Leu peptide triacetate
    		Inhibitor 98.64%
    Multi-Leu peptide (ML-peptide) triacetate is a potent inhibitor of PACE4 (Ki=22 nM). Multi-Leu peptide triacetate can competitively bind to the active site of PACE4 by simulating the substrate sequence of PACE4, thereby inhibiting its catalytic activity. Multi-Leu peptide triacetate can be used to study the specific mechanism of PACE4 in the development of prostate cancer.
    Multi-Leu peptide triacetate
  • HY-121811
    Pongamol
    		Activator 99.81%
    Pongamol (Lanceolatin C) is an orally active flavonoid with an IC50 of 75 μM and a Ki of 58 μM against PTPase-1B, and an IC50 of 103.5 μM against intestinal α-Glycosidase. Pongamol reduces the release of IL‑1β, TNF‑α, COX‑2 and iNOS in cells, reverses the nuclear translocation of NF‑κB, and upregulates the levels of Beclin 1 and LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ. Pongamol promotes glucose uptake by increasing the level of GLUT4 on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. Pongamol inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressing the FAK/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Pongamol inhibits neuronal cytotoxicity, suppresses cell apoptosis and extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans by activating the MAPKs/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Pongamol exerts hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mouse models. Pongamol exhibits antibacterial activity. Pongamol alleviates oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, Aβ deposition and excessive phosphorylation of Tau Protein, and restores autophagy function in Alzheimer's disease mouse models by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Pongamol is applicable to research related to Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, non-small cell lung cancer and postprandial hyperglycemia.
    Pongamol
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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