2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

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The p53 tumor suppressor is a principal mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular damage. p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Under stress conditions, the p53 protein accumulates in the cell, binds in its tetrameric form to p53-response elements and induces the transcription of various genes.

MDM-2 is transcriptionally activated by p53 and MDM-2, in turn, inhibits p53 activity in several ways. MDM-2 binds to the p53 transactivation domain and thereby inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. MDM-2 also contains a signal sequence that is similar to the nuclear export signal of various viral proteins and, after binding to p53, it induces its nuclear export. As p53 is a transcription factor, it needs to be in the nucleus to be able to access the DNA; its transport to the cytoplasm by MDM-2 prevents this. Finally, MDM-2 is a ubiquitin ligase, so is able to target p53 for degradation by the proteasome.

In many tumors p53 is inactivated by the overexpression of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 or by the loss of activity of the MDM2 inhibitor ARF. The pathway can be reactivated in these tumors by small molecules that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 and/or MDM4 with p53. Such molecules are now in clinical trials.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-17412S
    Minocycline-d6 hydrochloride
    		p53 Activator
    Minocycline-d6 hydrochloride is deuterated labeled Minocycline hydrochloride (HY-17412). Minocycline hydrochloride is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline hydrochloride is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline hydrochloride shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline hydrochloride reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline hydrochloride inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect.
    Minocycline-d<sub>6</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-201256
    UCI-14
    		Activator
    UCI-14 is a gltA1/lprQ modulator with in vitro anti-tuberculosis activity against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant mycobacteria. UCI-14 upregulates the expression of genes encoding citrate synthase I, downregulates the expression of genes encoding conserved mycobacterial lipoprotein, and alters the carbon metabolism of mycobacteria. UCI-14 reactivates the expression of wild-type p53 target genes in p53-mutated cells. UCI-14 can be used in the research of tuberculosis and cancer.
    UCI-14
  • HY-178373
    Topoisomerase I-IN-18
    		Activator
    Topoisomerase I-IN-18, a derivative of Thiosemicarbazide (HY-Y0032), is a Topoisomerase I inhibitor. Topoisomerase I-IN-18 can disrupt DNA synthesis and transcription. Topoisomerase I-IN-18 inhibits tumor cell proliferation by inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest. Topoisomerase I-IN-18 can enhance mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, suppress cell migration, and increase intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels. Topoisomerase I-IN-18 can increase p53 protein expression, γH2AX phosphorylation, upregulate Bax expression, downregulate Bcl-2 expression, and activate the caspase cascade. Topoisomerase I-IN-18 can be used for the study of lung cancer.
    Topoisomerase I-IN-18
  • HY-12941
    AM-7209
    		MDM2 Inhibitor
    AM-7209 is a potent and selective MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitor with a Kd of 38 pM. AM-7209 inhibits the MDM2 amplified SJSA-1 osteosarcoma cell line with an IC50 of 1.6 nM. AM-7209 shows antitumor activities.
    AM-7209
  • HY-172393
    TCF4/β-catenin-IN-1
    		Inducer
    TCF4/β-catenin-IN-1 (Compound 8b) is an inhibitor of TCF4/β-catenin, and induces apoptosis. TCF4/β-catenin-IN-1 up-regulates p53, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 levels and Bax protein expression as well as down-regulates Bcl-2 protein expression. TCF4/β-catenin-IN-1 can inhibit CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and shows promising cytotoxic activity in cancer cells.
    TCF4/β-catenin-IN-1
  • HY-122670
    VS-II-173
    		Inhibitor
    VS-II-173 is a pan-Pim kinase inhibitor with IC50 values ​​of 0.07 μM and 0.02 μM for Pim1 and Pim3, respectively, and a residual activity of 46% for Pim2 at 1 μM. VS-II-173 also inhibits kinases such as HIPK2, PRK2, RSK1, DYRK1a and AMPKα1, selectively inhibiting acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells with significantly lower toxicity to non-malignant cells (EC50 > 30 μM). VS-II-173 weakens the phosphorylation of substrates such as Stat5 (Y694), MDM2 (S166), Bad (S112), and 4E-BP1 (T37/46) by inhibiting Pim kinase-mediated signaling pathways, blocking pro-survival signals in AML cells and inducing apoptosis. VS-II-173 synergistically enhances anti-AML activity when combined with Daunorubicin (HY-13062A). VS-II-173 can be used in AML research, especially for AML with FLT3-ITD mutations and NPM1 mutations .
    VS-II-173
  • HY-162927
    p53-MDM2-IN-6
    		Inhibitor
    p53-MDM2-IN-6 (Compound 10a), a LSM-83177 hydrazone analog, is a potent p53-MDM2 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 11.08 µg/mL. p53-MDM2-IN-6 arrests the cell cycle in the S phase and induces early and late Apoptosis with antiproliferative activity against HT29 cell lines with an IC50 value of 10.44 µg/mL. p53-MDM2-IN-6 inhibits p53-MDM2 interaction with increment in p-53 level and decrease the expression of GST enzymes. p53-MDM2-IN-6 is promising for research of colorectal cancer.
    p53-MDM2-IN-6
  • HY-146516
    Anticancer agent 42
    		p53 Activator
    Anticancer agent 42 (compound 10d) is an orally active anticancer agent, and shows a potent antitumor activity against MDA-MB-231 cell with an IC50 of 0.07 μM. Anticancer agent 42 can exert its anticancer activity by activating apoptotic pathway and p53 expression. Anticancer agent 42 can be used to study metastatic breast cancer.
    Anticancer agent 42
  • HY-181541
    HIT211504993
    		p53 Activator
    HIT211504993 is a selective histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.070 μM. HIT211504993 suppresses cancer cell proliferation, cause G1 phase cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis. HIT211504993 inhibits Myc-driven tumorigenesis via nucleocytoplasmic acetylation, p53 modulation, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulation. HIT211504993 inhibits tumor growth in a colon cancer xenograft mouse model. HIT211504993 can be used for the research of colon cancer.
    HIT211504993
  • HY-146038
    Antitumor agent-55
    		p53 Activator
    Antitumor agent-55 (compound 5q) is a potent antitumor agent. Antitumor agent-55 effectively inhibits PC3, with an IC50 of 0.91 μM. Antitumor agent-55 effectively inhibits the colony formation, suppresses the cell migration in PC3. Antitumor agent-55 induces G1/S phase arrest and apoptosis in PC3.
    Antitumor agent-55
  • HY-184116
    A2AR/EGFR-IN-1
    		p53 Activator
    A2AR/EGFR-IN-1 is a dual A2AR/EGFR inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.037 μM against A2AR and an IC50 of 8.37 μM against EGFR. A2AR/EGFR-IN-1 induces cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases. A2AR/EGFR-IN-1 upregulates the expression of TP53, Caspase3 and Bax, downregulates the expression of Bcl2, and promotes cell Apoptosis. A2AR/EGFR-IN-1 restores colon crypt structure in an azoxymethane (HY-111375)-induced colorectal cancer model in vivo. A2AR/EGFR-IN-1 can be used for research related to colorectal cancer.
    A2AR/EGFR-IN-1
  • HY-124070
    ISA 27
    		Inhibitor
    ISA 27 is a small-molecule MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction inhibitor. ISA 27 inhibits MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation. ISA 27 is promising for research of p53-mutant solid tumors (e.g., thyroid, breast cancer).
    ISA 27
  • HY-106801
    Girolline
    		Modulator
    Girolline (RP 49532) is a protein synthesis inhibitor and a functional modulator of eIF5A. Girolline induces ribosome stalling by interfering with the binding of eIF5A to ribosomes. Girolline also inhibits the production of IL-6 and IL-8, and induces cell cycle arrest in tumor cells. Girolline is applicable to research related to inflammatory diseases, solid tumors, leukemia and malaria.
    Girolline
  • HY-W754548
    Glycocholic acid-13C2,d4N
    		Activator
    Glycocholic acid-13C2,d4 is the deuterium labeled and 13C-labeled Glycocholic acid (HY-N1423). Glycocholic acid is a bile acid derivative. Glycocholic acid downregulates MDR1, Bcl-2, MRP1, MRP2 and FXR, upregulates Bax, p53, caspase-9, caspase-3, TGR5 and S1PR2. Glycocholic acid inhibits multidrug resistance and efflux pumps, induces mitochondrial apoptosis, and enhances chemosensitivity. Glycocholic acid modulates related bile acid receptor signaling. Glycocholic acid suppresses growth and conjugation of Enterobacteriaceae and increases their antibiotic susceptibility. Glycocholic acid can be used for the research of colon adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
    Glycocholic acid-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>,d<sub>4</sub>N
  • HY-W042191R
    Oxychlororaphine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Oxychlororaphine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oxychlororaphine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oxychloroaphine could be isolated from the bacterium Pantoea agglomerans naturally present in soil. Oxychloroaphine has broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Oxychloroaphine has cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner and induces apoptosis. Oxychloroaphine can be used in research of cancer[1][2].
    Oxychlororaphine (Standard)
  • HY-163661
    p53-MDM2-IN-5
    		Inhibitor
    p53-MDM2-IN-5 (compound 5a) is a potent p53-MDM2 inhibitor. p53-MDM2-IN-5 induces apoptosis, autophagy and DNA damage. p53-MDM2-IN-5 induces cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases. p53-MDM2-IN-5 shows anti-tumor activity.
    p53-MDM2-IN-5
  • HY-N7271R
    Solanidine (Standard)
    		Activator
    Solanidine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Solanidine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Solanidine is an orally active cholestane alkaloid. Solanidine can be isolated from potato. Solanidine decreases RAD51 and increases γH2AX and p53. Solanidine has anti-tumor effects on LLC tumors and lung cancer. Solanidine promotes breast cancer cell proliferation. Solanidine reduces neovascularization. Solanidine causes abortion in some pregnant mice.
    Solanidine (Standard)
  • HY-139458
    MDM2-IN-21
    		MDM2 Inhibitor
    MDM2-IN-21 is a potent MDM2 inhibitor. MDM2-IN-21 can be used for the research of cancer.
    MDM2-IN-21
  • HY-158151
    p53 Activator 12
    		Activator
    p53 Activator 12 (compound 510B) is a potent p53 activator. p53 Activator 12 binds to mutant p53 and restores the ability of the p53 mutant to bind DNA.
    p53 Activator 12
  • HY-18343
    CP-31398
    		p53 Activator
    CP-31398 can stabilize the active conformation of p53 and promote p53 activity in cancer cells with either mutant or wild-type p53. In addition, CP-31398 can upregulate p53 target genes, such as p21WAF1/Cip1 and KILLER/DR5. CP-31398 exerts an inhibitory effect on tumor growth.
    CP-31398
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download MDM-2/p53 Signaling Pathway Map.

p53 is at the centre of biological interactions that translates stress signals into cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Upstream signaling to p53 increases its level and activates its function as a transcription factor in response to a wide variety of stresses, whereas downstream components execute the appropriate cellular response. 

 

Cell Stress: p53 induction by acute DNA damage begins when DNA double-strand breaks trigger activation of ATM, a kinase that phosphorylates the CHK2 kinase, or when stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks recruit ATR, which phosphorylates CHK1. p53 is a substrate for both the ATM and ATR kinases, as well as for CHK1 and CHK2, which coordinately phosphorylate p53 to promote its stabilization. These phosphorylation events are important for p53 stabilization, as some of the modifications disrupt the interaction between p53 and its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2 and MDM4 bind to the transcriptional activation domains of p53, thereby inhibiting p53 transactivation function, and MDM2 has additional activity as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that causes proteasome-mediated degradation of p53. Phosphorylation also allows the interaction of p53 with transcriptional cofactors, which is ultimately important for activation of target genes and for responses such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and senescence. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl can also be activated by DNA damage. Then the JNK/p38 is activated and leads to p53 activation[1][2]. 

 

Oncogenic signaling: The response to oncogene activation depends on the binding of ARF to MDM2. ARF is normally expressed at low levels in cells. Inappropriately increased E2F or Myc signals, stemming from oncogene activation, leads to the increased expression of ARF, which inhibits MDM2 by blocking its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, thereby segregating it from nucleoplasmic p53[3].

 

The PI3K-Akt pathway activates MDM2 and increases the ubiquitination of p53. 

 

Reference:
[1]. Chène P, et al. Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction: an important target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Feb;3(2):102-9.
[2]. Brown CJ, et al. Awakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Dec;9(12):862-73. 
[3]. Polager S, et al. p53 and E2f: partners in life and death. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Oct;9(10):738-48. doi: 10.1038/nrc2718.