2. Signaling Pathways
  3. NF-κB
  4. NF-κB

NF-κB

Nuclear factor-κB; Nuclear factor-kappaB

NF-κB

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NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types and is involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, oxidized LDL, and bacterial or viral antigens. NF-κB plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infection. Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, septic shock, viral infection, and improper immune development. NF-κB has also been implicated in processes of synaptic plasticity and memory. There are five proteins in the mammalian NF-κB family: NF-κB1, NF-κB2, RelA, RelB, c-Rel.

NF-κB Isoform Specific Products:

NF-κB Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-171656
    G721-0282
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    G721-0282 is an orally active CHI3L1 inhibitor. G721-0282 can reduce the expression of inflammatory proteins and cytokines. G721-0282 inhibits the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. G721-0282 inhibits neuroinflammation and reduces anxious behavior. G721-0282 significantly inhibits the proliferation of osteosarcoma (OS) cells by suppressing the STAT3 signaling pathway. G721-0282 induces OS cell apoptosis by upregulating pro-apoptotic protein levels and downregulating anti-apoptotic protein levels. G721-0282 can be used for researches on neuroinflammatory conditions and cancer.
    G721-0282
  • HY-175293
    SMU-C68
    		Activator
    SMU-C68 is a highly selective small-molecule TLR1/2 heterodimer agonist (EC50=0.009 μM). SMU-C68 activates NF-κB and MAPK pathways to promote pro-inflammatory cytokine release (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β). SMU-C68 is promising for research of cancers.
    SMU-C68
  • HY-183313
    IAV-IN-5
    		Inhibitor
    IAV-IN-5 is an orally active inhibitor of influenza A virus (IAV). IAV-IN-5 inhibits viral replication, blocks virus-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytokine storm, and regulates host immune signaling pathways. IAV-IN-5 reduces viral load and inflammatory cytokine levels in lung tissues of IAV-infected mouse models, alleviates body weight loss and pulmonary pathological damage. IAV-IN-5 can be used in studies related to influenza A virus infection.
    IAV-IN-5
  • HY-181837
    IKKβ-IN-7
    		Inhibitor
    IKKβ-IN-7 is an IKKβ inhibitor with an IC50 value of 9.44 μM. IKKβ-IN-7 induces DNA damage, S-phase cell cycle arrest, ROS accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and apoptosis. IKKβ-IN-7 inhibits phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα, suppresses p65 nuclear translocation, and regulates NF-κB-controlled genes. IKKβ-IN-7 suppresses tumor growth in xenograft models and shows activity against colorectal cancer with low normal cell cytotoxicity. IKKβ-IN-7 can be used for the research of colorectal cancer.
    IKKβ-IN-7
  • HY-159007
    BD-AcAc2
    		Inhibitor
    BD-AcAc2 (R,S-1,3-Butanediol acetoacetate diester) is an orally active, CNS-penetrant antiepileptic agent. BD-AcAc2 inhibits NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1/3, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and enhances autophagy. BD-AcAc2 exhibits antioxidant activity by modulating ROS, MDA, SOD, and GSH levels, and alleviates oxidative stress. BD-AcAc2 mitigates chronic colitis, counteracts Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-induced pathology, protects against central nervous system oxygen toxicity and acute lung injury, and exhibits anti-seizure efficacy. BD-AcAc2 can be used for the research of colitis, sarcopenia, acute lung injury, seizure, and obesity.
    BD-AcAc2
  • HY-N18053
    Anabsinthin
    		Activator
    Anabsinthin is a dimeric sesquiterpene lactone. Anabsinthin can be found in Artemisia absinthium L. (wormwood). Anabsinthin modulates intracellular calcium levels, mediates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Anabsinthin inhibits Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (HY-18739)-induced superoxide anion production, increased iNOS and MUC5AC protein expression, and IL-1β transcription upregulation. Anabsinthin can be used for the research of citrus canker.
    Anabsinthin
  • HY-N8816
    Stipuleanoside R2
    Stipuleanoside R2 inhibits NF-κB activation stimulated by TNFα in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 value of 4.1 μM.
    Stipuleanoside R2
  • HY-174865
    MMH-165-26
    		Inhibitor
    MMH-165-26 is a ligand for RelA/p65. MMH-165-26 reduces the expression of RelA/p65 and has significant cytotoxicity in MEC-1 (LC50 = 0.37 μM) cells. MMH-165-26 can be used for synthesizing PROTACs such as JP-163-16 (HY-174864).
    MMH-165-26
  • HY-162850
    DOR agonist 2
    		Inhibitor
    DOR agonist 2 (Compound 3) is a Delta Opioid Receptor agonist. DOR agonist 2 can inhibit the expression of TNF-α, prevent NF-κB transport to the nucleus, and activate the G protein-mediated ERK1/2 pathway. DOR agonist 2 can be used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases.
    DOR agonist 2
  • HY-P991528
    PE0116
    		Activator
    PE0116 is a fully human CD137 agonistic monoclonal antibody generated from immunized harbor H2L2 human transgenic mice. PE0116 is a ligand block. PE0116 activates NF-κB signaling which significantly promotes T-cell proliferation and increases cytokine secretion in vitro. PE0116 exhibits robust antitumor activity in MC38 tumor model.
    PE0116
  • HY-W041489R
    Chelidonic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Chelidonic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chelidonic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chelidonic acid is a component of Chelidonium majus L., used as an antimicrobial. Chelidonic acid also shows anti-inflammatory activity. Chelidonic acid has potential to inhibit IL-6 production by blocking NF-κB and caspase-1. Chelidonic acid is a glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor, with a Ki of 1.2 μM.
    Chelidonic acid (Standard)
  • HY-182558
    Nandinine
    		Inhibitor
    Nandinine is an orally active derivative of Berberine (HY-N0716). Nandinine enhances AMPK activity, inhibits the activation of IKKβ/NF-κB, and regulates the phosphorylation of IRS-1. Nandinine reverses the abnormal production of adipokines, promotes insulin-mediated glucose uptake, and alleviates insulin resistance. Nandinine improves glucose tolerance and increases the insulin sensitivity index in mice. Nandinine can be used in studies related to insulin resistance.
    Nandinine
  • HY-B0185AS1
    Lidocaine-d6 hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Lidocaine-d6 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Lidocaine (hydrochloride). Lidocaine hydrochloride (Lignocaine hydrochloride) inhibits sodium channels involving complex voltage and using dependence. Lidocaine hydrochloride decreases growth, migration and invasion of gastric carcinoma cells via up-regulating miR-145 expression and further inactivation of MEK/ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Lidocaine hydrochloride is an amide derivative and a agent to treat ventricular arrhythmia and an effective tumor-inhibitor.
    Lidocaine-d<sub>6</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-N0633R
    Muscone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Muscone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Muscone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Muscone is the main active monomer of traditional Chinese medicine musk. Muscone inhibits NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Muscone remarkably decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6), and ultimately improves cardiac function and survival rate.
    Muscone (Standard)
  • HY-173221
    MJ210
    		Modulator
    MJ210 is a modulator of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways with oral activity and the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and it exhibits neuroprotective activity. In vitro, 5 μM of MJ210 can increase the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells treated with Rotenone (HY-B1756) to 81.9% and reduce the level of ROS, etc. In vivo, 5 mg/kg of MJ210 can improve the motor impairment in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. MJ210 can be used in the research of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease.
    MJ210
  • HY-N2534R
    Karanjin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Karanjin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Karanjin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Karanjin is an orally active furanoflavonoid which can be isolated from several Leguminosae. Karanjin exhibits evident anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticolitis, anti-ulcer, anti-Alzheimer properties and multiple insect repellent/insecticidal, acaricide properties, suggesting the potential of Karanjin to be applied to relevant research.
    Karanjin (Standard)
  • HY-N0513R
    Loganic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Loganic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Loganic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Loganic acid is an iridoid isolated from cornelian cherry fruits. Loganic acid inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway, activates Nrf2 signaling pathway, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. Loganic acid can modulate diet-induced atherosclerosis and redox status. Loganic acid has strong free radical scavenging activity and remarkable cyto-protective effect against heavy metal mediated toxicity. Loganic acid is orally active.
    Loganic acid (Standard)
  • HY-N18066
    Esculeogenin A
    		Inhibitor
    Esculeogenin A is the sapogenol of tomato saponin Esculeoside A (HY-N18067). Esculeogenin A is an orally active hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant agent. Esculeogenin A regulates molecular targets like PPARα, SREBP1, Nrf2, NF-κB, ACAT1/ACAT2 to promote hepatic fatty acid oxidation, suppress de novo lipogenesis, enhance antioxidant defense, and inhibit inflammation. Esculeogenin A improves liver function, alleviates hyperlipidemia, and inhibits hepatic steatosis and foam cell formation, preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat-diet-fed rats and reducing atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice. Esculeogenin A can be used for the research of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia.
    Esculeogenin A
  • HY-162316
    NF-κB-IN-15
    		Inhibitor
    NF-κB-IN-15 (compound 14r) is a potent NF-κB inhibitor. NF-κB-IN-15 decreases the NO levels and inhibits the release of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in LPS (HY-D1056) -induced cells. NF-κB-IN-15 inhibits LPS-induced phosphorylation of p65 and degradation of IκBα. NF-κB-IN-15 shows anti-inflammatory activity has the potential for the research of acute lung injury (ALI).
    NF-κB-IN-15
  • HY-158311
    Anti-osteoporosis agent-8
    		Inhibitor
    Anti-osteoporosis agent-8 (Compound 4aa) is an inhibitor for RANKL, which inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast differentiation (IC50 is 2.41 μM) in cells RAW264.7. Anti-osteoporosis agent-8 ameliorates bone loss in an ovariectomized (OVX) mice model.
    Anti-osteoporosis agent-8
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download NF-κB Signaling Pathway Map.

NF-κB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. In mammals, there are five members of the transcription factor NF-κB family: RELA (p65), RELB and c-REL, and the precursor proteins NF-κB1 (p105) and NF-κB2 (p100), which are processed into p50 and p52, respectively. NF-κB transcription factors bind as dimers to κB sites in promoters and enhancers of a variety of genes and induce or repress transcription. NF-κB activation occurs via two major signaling pathways: the canonical and the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways[1]. 

 

The canonical NF-κB pathway is triggered by signals from a large variety of immune receptors, such as TNFR, TLR, and IL-1R, which activate TAK1. TAK1 then activates IκB kinase (IKK) complex, composed of catalytic (IKKα and IKKβ) and regulatory (NEMO) subunits, via phosphorylation of IKKβ. Upon stimulation, the IKK complex, largely through IKKβ, phosphorylates members of the inhibitor of κB (IκB) family, such as IκBα and the IκB-like molecule p105, which sequester NF-κB members in the cytoplasm. IκBα associates with dimers of p50 and members of the REL family (RELA or c-REL), whereas p105 associates with p50 or REL (RELA or c-REL). Upon phosphorylation by IKK, IκBα and p105 are degradated in the proteasome, resulting in the nuclear translocation of canonical NF-κB family members, which bind to specific DNA elements, in the form of various dimeric complexes, including RELA-p50, c-REL-p50, and p50-p50. Atypical, IKK-independent pathways of NF-κB induction also provide mechanisms to integrate parallel signaling pathways to increase NF-κB activity, such as hypoxia, UV and genotoxic stress.

 

The non-canonical NF-κB pathway is induced by certain TNF superfamily members, such as CD40L, BAFF and lymphotoxin-β (LT-β), which stimulates the recruitment of TRAF2, TRAF3, cIAP1/2 to the receptor complex. Activated cIAP mediates K48 ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of TRAF3, resulting in stabilization and accumulation of the NFκB-inducing kinase (NIK). NIK phosphorylates and activates IKKα, which in turn phosphorylates p100, triggering p100 processing, and leading to the generation of p52 and the nuclear translocation of p52 and RELB[2][3].

 

Reference:

[1]. Oeckinghaus A, et al. The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors and its regulation.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009 Oct;1(4):a000034. 
[2]. Taniguchi K, et al. NF-κB, inflammation, immunity and cancer: coming of age. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018 May;18(5):309-324.
[3]. Perkins ND,et al. Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-kappaB and IKK function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Jan;8(1):49-62.

NF-κB Isoform Comparison

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