2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Related Products

PDF 16.38 MB

Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P3245A
    HXR9 hydrochloride
    		99.48%
    HXR9 hydrochloride is a cell-permeable peptide and a competitive antagonist of HOX/PBX interaction. HXR9 hydrochloride antagonizes the interaction between HOX and a second transcrip-tion factor (PBX), which binds to HOX proteins in paralogue groups1 to 8. HXR9 hydrochloride selectively decreases cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in cells with a high level of expression of the HOXA/PBX3 genes, such as MLL-rearranged leukemic cells.
    HXR9 hydrochloride
  • HY-N6939
    Pseudolaric Acid B
    		Inducer 99.47%
    Pseudolaric Acid B is an orally active diterpene acid. Pseudolaric Acid B has anti-fungal, anti-fertility, anti-angiogenesis and anticancer activity, and can induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy. In addition, Pseudolaric Acid B can inhibit the secretion of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and has immunosuppressive effect, selectively inhibiting the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the production of IL-2.
    Pseudolaric Acid B
  • HY-N6884
    Bixin
    		Inducer 98.81%
    Bixin is an orally active carotenoid found in the seeds of Bixa orellana. Bixin induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Bixin possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. Bixin treatment ameliorated cardiac dysfunction through inhibiting fibrosis, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
    Bixin
  • HY-N0926A
    Columbamine chloride
    		Inducer 99.62%
    Columbamine (Columbamin; Dehydroisocorypalmine) chloride is an organic heterotetracyclic alkaloid extracted from plants. Columbamine chloride is a metabolite of Berberine (HY-N0716). Columbamine chloride inhibits the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP3A4 (IC50 = 30.6 µM). Columbamine chloride induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Columbamine chloride can be used for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antifungal, antiparasite, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic study.
    Columbamine chloride
  • HY-169369
    TRAP-1
    		Inducer 99.69%
    TRAP-1 (XJZ-06-462) is a non-covalent regulated induced proximity targeting chimera (RIPTAC) with JQ-1 carboxylic acid (HY-78695) as its target protein ligand. TRAP-1 forms a ternary complex with p53Y220C and BRD4, potently activates p53 transcription, and inhibits the growth and proliferation of tumor cells. TRAP-1 upregulates p21 and other p53 target genes in pancreatic cell lines carrying p53Y220C, and induces cellular senescence and apoptosis. TRAP-1 can be used in cancer research involving p53Y220C-carrying tumors.
    TRAP-1
  • HY-P10409
    SHLP2
    		Modulator 99.09%
    SHLP2 (Small humanin-like peptide 2) is a small molecule peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA, belonging to mitochondria derived peptide. SHLP2 has the activity of regulating apoptosis and inhibits cell death. SHLP2 binds to mitochondrial complex 1. SHLP2 improves mitochondrial metabolism by increasing respiration and biogenesis, reducing ROS, and decreasing mtDNA oxidation. SHLP2 also regulated energy homeostasis through the activation of hypothalamic neurons. SHLP2 can be used in the study of diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction and anti-aging diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and Parkinson’s disease.
    SHLP2
  • HY-124081
    N-Oleoyl-L-serine
    		Activator 99.72%
    N-Oleoyl-L-Serine is an endogenous amide of long-chain fatty acids with ethanolamine (N-acyl amides). N-Oleoyl-L-Serine is a lipid regulator of bone remodeling and stimulates osteoclast apoptosis. N-Oleoyl-L-Serine can be used for antiosteoporotic drug discovery development.
    N-Oleoyl-L-serine
  • HY-14658A
    (S)-Thalidomide
    		Inducer 99.52%
    (S)-Thalidomide ((S)-(-)-Thalidomide) is the S-enantiomer of Thalidomide. (S)-Thalidomide has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects. (S)-Thalidomide induces teratogenic effects by binding to cereblon (CRBN) .
    (S)-Thalidomide
  • HY-15649
    UNC1215
    		Inducer 99.80%
    UNC1215, a chemical probe, is a potent and selective inhibitor for the methyllysine (Kme) reading domain function of L3MBTL3 with a Kd value of 120 nM and an IC50 of 40 nM. UNC1215 has the potential to treat malignant brain tumor.
    UNC1215
  • HY-P99286
    Drozitumab
    		Inducer 99.00%
    Drozitumab (PRO 95780) is a human agonistic monoclonal antibody which binds the death receptor DR5. Drozitumab has potent antitumor activity against rhabdomyosarcoma.
    Drozitumab
  • HY-B2054
    Tebufenozide
    		Inducer 99.28%
    Tebufenozide is a nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist used to control pest. Tebufenozide has cytotoxic and induces apoptosis in HeLa and insect Tn5B1-4 cells.
    Tebufenozide
  • HY-164233
    YX968
    		Inducer 98.06%
    YX968 is a potent and selective HDAC3/8 PROTAC dual degrader with DC50 values of 1.7 and 6.8 nM. YX968 exhibits antitumor activity by promoting apoptosis.
    YX968
  • HY-N0840
    Bruceantin
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Bruceantin ((-)-Bruceantin) is a quassinoid found in B. javanica. Bruceantin activates caspase signaling pathway, causes the mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell differentiation and apoptosis. Bruceantin exhibits anti-leukemia and antiprotozoal activities.
    Bruceantin
  • HY-14266
    Dapivirine
    		Inducer 99.80%
    Dapivirine (TMC120), the prototype of diarylpyrimidines (DAPY), is an orally active and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Dapivirine (TMC120) binds directly to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Dapivirine (TMC120) regulates autophagy and induced Akt, Bad and SAPK/JNK activations.
    Dapivirine
  • HY-15584
    Taltobulin
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Taltobulin (HTI-286), a synthetic analogue of the tripeptide hemiasterlin, is a potent antimicrotubule agent that circumvents P-glycoprotein-mediated resistance in vitro and in vivo. Taltobulin inhibits the polymerization of purified tubulin, disrupts microtubule organization in cells, and induces mitotic arrest, as well as apoptosis.
    Taltobulin
  • HY-111603
    Calcium dobesilate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Calcium dobesilate is a vascular protector with oral activity that can clear hydroxyl free radicals, with an IC50 of 1.1 pM. Calcium dobesilate has antioxidant activity and helps to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the retinas of diabetic mice. Calcium dobesilate can be used to study chronic venous diseases, diabetic retinopathy, and the occurrence of hemorrhoids, among other conditions.
    Calcium dobesilate
  • HY-N0726
    Dracorhodin perchlorate
    		Inducer 99.02%
    Dracorhodin perchlorate (Dracohodin perochlorate) is a natural product that can be obtained from the natural active molecule Dragon's blood. Dracorhodin perchlorate inhibits PI3K/Akt and NF-κB activation, upregulates p53 expression, activates caspase, produces ROS, and promotes Apoptosis. Dracorhodin perchlorate regulates the TLR4. Dracorhodin perchlorate promotes wound healing, improves diabetes. Dracorhodin perchlorate has anti-tumor activity against prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and other cancers.
    Dracorhodin perchlorate
  • HY-163099
    P5(PEG24)-VC-PAB-Exatecan
    		Inducer 99.74%
    P5 (PEG24)-VC-PAB-Exatecan is a TOP1 inhibitor payload with antibody-conjugation-dependent activity. Conjugation of P5 (PEG24)-VC-PAB-Exatecan with Trastuzumab (HY-P9907) generates a DAR8 antibody-drug conjugate (ADCs) with antibody-like pharmacokinetic properties. P5 (PEG24)-VC-PAB-Exatecan induces S-phase and G2-M-phase cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and apoptosis in target-positive tumor cells, and releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) related to immunogenic cell death (ICD). The ADCs prepared from it exert bystander killing effects on non-target tumor cells. ADCs based on P5 (PEG24)-VC-PAB-Exatecan exhibit linker stability in vitro and in vivo, show in vivo efficacy, and can be used in research related to HER2-positive cancers.
    P5(PEG24)-VC-PAB-Exatecan
  • HY-W014666S
    Xanthurenic acid-d4
    		99.09%
    Xanthurenic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Xanthurenic acid. Xanthurenic acid is a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus.
    Xanthurenic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-18719
    Endoxifen (Z-isomer)
    		Inducer 99.19%
    Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride, an orally active Tamoxifen (HY-13757A) metabolite, is a selective estrogen receptor modulator with 100-fold more potency than its parent agent, Tamoxifen. Endoxifen Z-isomer inhibits PKCβ1 kinase activity. Endoxifen Z-isomer attenuates PKCβ1-activated AKTSer473 phosphorylation, diminishes AKT substrate phosphorylation, and induces Apoptosis. Endoxifen Z-isomer exhibits anticancer activity against hormone-resistant metastatic breast cancer.
    Endoxifen (Z-isomer)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity