2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-118713
    Kuanoniamine A
    		Inducer
    Kuanoniamine A is a pyridoacridine alkaloid and also an anticancer agent. Kuanoniamine A inhibits DNA synthesis, induces apoptosis, and regulates the cell cycle by reducing the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase. Kuanoniamine A inhibits the proliferation of human lymphocytes. Kuanoniamine A can be used in research related to breast cancer, glioma, non-small cell lung cancer, and melanoma.
    Kuanoniamine A
  • HY-N11648
    Ganoderic acid T1
    		Inducer
    Ganoderic acid T1 is a deacetylated derivative of Ganoderic acid T. Ganoderic acid T1 attenuates antioxidant defense system and induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Ganoderic acid T1 decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and activates caspase-9 and caspase-3, to trigger apoptosis. Ganoderic acid T1 also increases the generation of intracellular ROS to produce pro-oxidant activities and cytotoxicity.
    Ganoderic acid T1
  • HY-144254
    PI3Kδ-IN-10
    		Inducer
    PI3Kδ-IN-10 is a highly potent and orally active PI3Kδ inhibitor with IC50 of 2 nM. PI3Kδ-IN-10 robustly suppresses the downstream AKT pathway to induce subsequent apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma models.
    PI3Kδ-IN-10
  • HY-B0078R
    Dacarbazine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dacarbazine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dacarbazine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dacarbazine is a nonspecific antineoplastic (antineoplastic) alkylating agent. Dacarbazine inhibits T and B lymphocyte responses with IC50 of 50 and 10 μg/mL, respectively. Dacarbazine can be used in the study of metastatic malignant melanoma.
    Dacarbazine (Standard)
  • HY-15867
    Meayamycin B
    		Inducer
    Meayamycin B ((+)-Meayamycin B) is a potent SF3B1 inhibitor. Meayamycin B upregulates the proapoptotic Mcl-1S and downregulates Mcl-1L at the pre-mRNA splicing level. Meayamycin B does not regulate the alternative splicing of Bcl-x. Meayamycin B and ABT-737 (HY-50907) synergistically causes Apoptosis. Meayamycin B exhibits anticancer activity against non-small cell lung cancer.
    Meayamycin B
  • HY-N0831R
    Jaceosidin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Jaceosidin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Jaceosidin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Jaceosidin is a flavonoid isolated from Artemisia vestita, induces apoptosis in cancer cells, activates Bax and down-regulates Mcl-1 and c-FLIP expression. Jaceosidin exhibits anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, decreases leves of inflammatory markers, and suppresses COX-2 expression and NF-κB activation.
    Jaceosidin (Standard)
  • HY-180147
    Microtubule-IN-14
    		Inducer
    Microtubule-IN-14 (Compound 10u) is a microtubule inhibitor. Microtubule-IN-14 inhibits the polymerization of tubulin, thereby preventing the formation of the spindle apparatus in cell mitosis and blocking the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Microtubule-IN-14 induces a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoting tumor cell apoptosis. Microtubule-IN-14 can be used for the study of non-small cell lung cancer and liver cancer.
    Microtubule-IN-14
  • HY-179406
    PARP1-IN-49
    		Inducer
    PARP1-IN-49 is a selective PARP1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 23.56 nM and a Kd of 17.78 nM. PARP1-IN-49 shows a selectivity for PARP1 over PARP2. PARP1-IN-49 leads to the induction of DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. PARP1-IN-49 also increases intracellular ROS levels and inhibits cell migration. PARP1-IN-49 can be used for the research of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
    PARP1-IN-49
  • HY-181629A
    ZSTK3744 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    ZSTK3744 hydrochloride is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. ZSTK3744 hydrochloride directly binds to AhR, upregulates the expression of AhR target genes including CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and TIPARP, and mediates cell growth inhibitory activity in triple-negative breast cancer cells. ZSTK3744 hydrochloride induces apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. ZSTK3744 hydrochloride exhibits anti-tumor activity and can be used in the research of chemoresistant triple-negative breast cancer.
    ZSTK3744 hydrochloride
  • HY-161586
    Chloramphenicol/BSA
    		Inhibitor
    Chloramphenicol/BSA is the antigen-adjuvant conjugate formed by the coupling of Chloramphenicol (HY-B0239) with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). By conjugating the antigen with a protein adjuvant, the production of antigen-specific antibodies in vaccine models can be enhanced. The conjugate does not affect protein folding or disrupt major epitopes, and it can enhance cross-presentation and the generation of antigen-specific T cells.
    Chloramphenicol/BSA
  • HY-172804
    SDH-IN-26
    		Inducer
    SDH-IN-26 (Compound C3) is a succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitor. SDH-IN-26 exhibits significant inhibitory activity against multiple phytopathogenic fungi, such as Rhizoctonia solani and Botrytis cinerea, with an EC50 value of 0.270 μg/mL against Rhizoctonia solani. SDH-IN-26 damages the integrity of the fungal cell membrane, increases membrane permeability, disrupts cell structure, and reduces the number of mitochondria, thus affecting the normal growth of mycelia. SDH-IN-26 leads to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces cell apoptosis. SDH-IN-26 is promising for research of plant diseases caused by fungi.
    SDH-IN-26
  • HY-139678
    SC13
    		Inducer
    SC13 is an orally active, selective Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1) inhibitor and mu opioid receptor (MOR) activator. SC13 impairs DNA damage repair and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. SC13 activates cGAS-STING signaling, increases chemokine secretion, and promotes CAR-T cell infiltration at solid tumour sites. SC13 can be used for the research of solid tumours and pain.
    SC13
  • HY-180805
    HK2-IN-3
    		Inducer
    HK2-IN-3 (compound 12) is a potent hexokinase 2 (HK2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 56.4 nM. HK2-IN-3 reduces glucose uptake and downregulated GLUT1/GLUT4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). HK2-IN-3 induces mitophagy and apoptosis. HK2-IN-3 suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis in OSCC xenograft mouse models. HK2-IN-3 can be used for OSCC research.
    HK2-IN-3
  • HY-161199
    Thalidomide-azetidine-pyrrolidine-C-piperidine-C2-OH
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-azetidine-pyrrolidine-C-piperidine-C2-OH is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-azetidine-pyrrolidine-C-piperidine-C2-OH can serve as Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-azetidine-pyrrolidine-C-piperidine-C2-OH
  • HY-N0660R
    Jujuboside B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Jujuboside B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Jujuboside B. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Jujuboside B is a bioactive saponin component isolated from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (sour jujube seed), with oral efficacy and blood-brain barrier permeability. Jujuboside B induces acute leukemia cell death and drives necroptosis apoptosis by activating the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway. Jujuboside B upregulates the expression of NOXA, PARP and caspase-3, activates AMPK, inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells, and induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Jujuboside B inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth by blocking the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. Jujuboside B alleviates liver injury in mice by regulating the Nrf2-STING signaling pathway. Jujuboside B alleviates liver injury by regulating anti-inflammatory responses and downregulating the expression of 11β-HSD2. Jujuboside B induces ferroptosis and overcomes radioresistance in non-small cell lung cancer via the PPARγ-ATF3-Gpx4 signaling pathway. Jujuboside B exerts inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Jujuboside B inhibits febrile seizures by suppressing the activity of AMPA receptors. Jujuboside B reverses chronic unpredictable mild stress-promoted tumor progression by blocking the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways and dephosphorylating CREB signaling. Jujuboside B is applicable to related studies on acute leukemia, breast cancer, PM2.5-induced lung injury, hepatotoxicity, liver injury, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, thromboembolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases associated with high platelet aggregation, febrile seizures, and depressive-like phenotypes.
    Jujuboside B (Standard)
  • HY-164413
    CLM3
    		Inducer
    CLM3, a pyrazolopyrimidine derivative, is a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor. CLM3 shows antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity on endothelial and cancer cells, synergistically enhanced by SN38 (HY-13704). These effects are mainly due to its inhibition of phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, EGFR and RET tyrosine kinases and their related signaling pathways.
    CLM3
  • HY-179409A
    MC3817 free base
    		Inducer
    MC3817 free base is a selective DNMT1 inhibitor. MC3817 free base inhibits DNMT1 and DNMT3A/3L with IC50s of 0.044 μM and > 10μM, respectively. MC3817 free base inhibits P53-dependent cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and DNA damage. MC3817 free base elevates cleaved Caspase 3, P53, and γH2AX. MC3817 free base can be used in non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, triple-negative breast cancer and histiocytic lymphoma research.
    MC3817 free base
  • HY-117249
    Sanazole
    Sanazole (AK-2123) is a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Sanazole enhances radiation-induced DNA strand breaks. In mouse fibroblast tumors, Sanazole increases nuclear condensation and fragmentation, as well as elevates caspase-3 activity, thereby enhancing radiation-induced apoptosis.
    Sanazole
  • HY-180541
    EGFR-IN-190
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-190 (Compound 3o) is an inhibitor that targets both EGFR (IC₅₀ = 0.028 μM) and COX-2 (IC₅₀ = 0.208 μM). EGFR-IN-190 exhibits potent inhibitory activity against MCF-7 cells and induces apoptosis (apoptosis). EGFR-IN-190 can be used for research on breast cancer.
    EGFR-IN-190
  • HY-173307
    Nrf2 activator 19
    		Inhibitor
    Nrf2 activator 19 is a BBB-penetrable NRF2/HO-1 activator. Nrf2 activator 19 exerts potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Nrf2 activator 19 can also effectively reduce brain damage, reduce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulation. Nrf2 activator 19 inhibits neuronal apoptosis. Nrf2 activator 19 promotes the recovery of neurological function and motor ability. Nrf2 activator 19 shows significant potential in ischemic stroke research.
    Nrf2 activator 19
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity