2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-149063
    Antitumor agent-92
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-92, an Icaritin (HY-N0678) derivative, causes arrest at the G0/G1 phase in the cell cycle and induces cell apoptosis. Antitumor agent-92 has the potential for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) research.
    Antitumor agent-92
  • HY-N0413R
    Hupehenine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Hupehenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Hupehenine (HY-N0413). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Hupehenine is an orally active isosteroidal alkaloid that can be extracted from F. hupehensis. Hupehenine exhibits activities such as antitussive, expectorant, anticancer, and antiparasitic. In vitro, Hupehenine can also inhibit α-synuclein seeded fibril formation, making it applicable for the research of Parkinson's disease and other related disorders.
    Hupehenine (Standard)
  • HY-156033
    EGFR-IN-88
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-88 (Compound 4i) is an EGFR inhibitor (IC50: 87 nM). EGFR-IN-88 shows cytotoxicity against A549 cell with an IC50? of 3.902? μM. EGFR-IN-88 can induce cell apoptosis.
    EGFR-IN-88
  • HY-175885
    PROTAC FTO degrader 1
    		Inducer
    PROTAC FTO degrader 1 is a Fat Mass and Obesity-associated Protein (FTO) PROTAC degrader. PROTAC FTO degrader 1 selectively degrades FTO depending on VHL E3 ligase and ubiquitin-proteasome system. PROTAC FTO degrader 1 can increase m6A modifications on mRNAs associated with ribosome biogenesis and promote their YTHDF2-mediated decay. PROTAC FTO degrader 1 can inhibit cancer cells proliferation and induce apoptosis. PROTAC FTO degrader 1 can be used for the research of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (Structure Note: Pink: FTO ligand (HY-175886); Blue: VHL ligand (HY-112078); Black: linker (HY-W002042); VHL ligand-Linker: (HY-139218))
    PROTAC FTO degrader 1
  • HY-161816
    PI3K/AKT-IN-3
    		Inducer
    PI3K/AKT-IN-3 (compound 8C) can induce autophagy and apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PI3K/AKT-IN-3 can be used in cancer research.
    PI3K/AKT-IN-3
  • HY-145857
    GRP78-IN-1
    		Inducer
    GRP78-IN-1 exhibits several interactions with GRP78 residues with binding energy of -8.07 kcal/mol. GRP78-IN-1 shows the potent cytotoxic, anti-proliferative in cancer cells. GRP78-IN-1 exhibits promising apoptosis in breast cancer cells and stalls wound healing properties.
    GRP78-IN-1
  • HY-168655
    EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-3
    		Inducer
    EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-3 (compound 9) is a potent EGFR and VEGFR-2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.129, 0.142, 3.428 µM for EGFR, VEGFR-2, COX-2, respectively. EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-3 shows cytotoxicity. EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-3 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase.
    EGFR/VEGFR2-IN-3
  • HY-180806
    RIPK1-IN-39
    		Inhibitor
    RIPK1-IN-39 (compound 2) is a potent and selective RIPK1 inhibitor (IC50 = 69.40 nM) exhibiting >100-fold selectivity over RIPK3 (IC50 = 6946 nM). RIPK1-IN-39 protects HT-22 and HT-29 cells from necroptosis by inhibiting the phosphorylation and activation of the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL pathway. RIPK1-IN-39 demonstrates neuroprotective effects in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). RIPK1-IN-39 can be used for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) research.
    RIPK1-IN-39
  • HY-108932A
    Gemcitabine monophosphate disodium
    		Inducer
    Gemcitabine monophosphate (Gemcitabine 5′-phosphate) is one of the active intermediates of Gemcitabine (HY-17026). Gemcitabine monophosphate has a synergistic anti-cancer effect and can be delivered by formulating it into nanoparticles.
    Gemcitabine monophosphate disodium
  • HY-179522
    EGFR-IN-186
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-186 is a potent inhibitor of EGFR with an IC50 of 0.065 µM. EGFR-IN-186 also exhibits inhibitory activity against EGFRL858R (IC50 = 0.528 µM) and EGFRT790M (IC50 = 0.465 µM). EGFR-IN-186 induces apoptosis by increasing Bax and caspase-3 levels and down-regulating Bcl-2 expression level. EGFR-IN-186 can be used for the research of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
    EGFR-IN-186
  • HY-132187S
    Sphingosylphosphorylcholine-d9
    		Inhibitor 99.0%
    Sphingosylphosphorylcholine-d9 is deuterium labeled Sphingosylphosphorylcholine.
    Sphingosylphosphorylcholine-d<sub>9</sub>
  • HY-155964
    Anticancer agent 153
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 153 (Compound 3) induces apoptosis by Reactive Oxygen Species generation. Anticancer agent 153 increases the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels. Anticancer agent 153 inhibits cancer cell proliferation.
    Anticancer agent 153
  • HY-B0606A
    Diquafosol
    		Inhibitor
    Diquafosol (INS365 free base) is a potent P2Y2 agonist. Diquafosol nhibits apoptosis and decreases ROS generation. Diquafosol has the potential for the research of dry eye.
    Diquafosol
  • HY-149003
    PARP1-IN-10
    		Inducer
    PARP1-IN-10 (compound 12c) is a no-cytotoxicity and potent PARP1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 50.62 nM in vitro. PARP1-IN-10 causes cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis, and enhances the cytotoxicity of temozolomide (TMZ) .
    PARP1-IN-10
  • HY-181675
    CHNQD-01522
    		Inducer
    CHNQD-01522 is a microtubule inhibitor targeting the colchicine binding site on β-tubulin. CHNQD-01522 binds to the colchicine binding site on β-tubulin, inhibits microtubule polymerization, and evades P-glycoprotein transport in cancer cells. CHNQD-01522 inhibits proliferation, suppresses tumor cell colony formation, arrests cell cycle in G2/M phases, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. CHNQD-01522 upregulates of Bax and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. CHNQD-01522 shows anti-tumor efficacy in subcutaneous and orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft tumor models. CHNQD-01522 can be used for the research of hepatocellular carcinoma.
    CHNQD-01522
  • HY-168263
    PRMT5-IN-45
    		Inducer
    PRMT5-IN-45 (compound 36) is a potent and selective PRMT5 inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM. PRMT5-IN-45 potently reduces the level of symmetric dimethylarginines (sDMA) and inhibits the proliferation of MOLM-13 cell lines by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
    PRMT5-IN-45
  • HY-15038R
    Diclofenac potassium (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Diclofenac (potassium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Diclofenac (potassium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Diclofenac potassium is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac potassium induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac potassium (Standard)
  • HY-B0166S4
    L-Ascorbic acid-13C-3
    L-Ascorbic acid-13C-3 is the 13C labeled L-Ascorbic acid. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen
    L-Ascorbic acid-<sup>13</sup>C-3
  • HY-16658BG
    Z-VAD-FMK (GMP)
    		Inhibitor
    Z-VAD-FMK is a pan-caspase inhibitor and also an ICE-like protease inhibitor, which inhibits apoptosis by preventing the processing of CPP32 to its active form. Z-VAD-FMK sensitivity varies primarily due to differential expression of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1). Z-VAD-FMK limits the cryopreservation-induced apoptosis by reducing caspase-3 activity of in vitro produced bovine embryos. Z-VAD-FMK is immunosuppressive in vitro and inhibits T cell proliferation without blocking the processing of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Z-VAD-FMK leads to a decrease in intracellular glutathione (GSH) with a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in activated T cells. Z-VAD-FMK is due to oxidative stress via the depletion of GSH. Z-VAD-FMK can be used for the study of acute pancreatitis.
    Z-VAD-FMK (GMP)
  • HY-117909
    CEP-40125
    		Inducer
    CEP-40125 (RXDX-107) is a modified form of Bendamustine (HY-13567), a DNA cross-linking agent that may cause DNA damage and cell apoptosis. CEP-40125 (RXDX-107) is formed by encapsulating the alkyl ester form of Bendamustine in human serum albumin.
    CEP-40125
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity