2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-180327
    NEPP11
    		Inhibitor
    NEPP11 is a cyclopentenone prostaglandin analogue. NEPP11 can inhibit glutamate-induced HT22 cell death in mouse hippocampus and prevent manganese-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. NEPP11 can activate Nrf2 and maintain MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 activity by inhibiting c-Raf downregulation. NEPP11 exerts a neuroprotective effect in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia caused by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion.
    NEPP11
  • HY-P992401
    M802
    		Inducer
    M802 is an anti-HER2/CD3 bispecific antibody, with a Kd of 0.578 nM for human HER2 and a Kd of 71.2 nM for human CD3. M802 inhibits the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways, suppresses tumor cell proliferation, activates caspase-3, and promotes tumor cell apoptosis (apoptosis). M802 recruits and activates CD3-positive immune cells, mediates cytotoxicity against HER2-positive tumor cells, and induces immune cells to secrete IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-6. M802 exhibits anti-tumor efficacy in mice with gastric cancer xenografts. M802 can be used in research related to HER2-positive breast cancer, HER2-positive gastric cancer and other cancers. The recommended isotype control is human IgG1 kappa (HY-P99001).
    M802
  • HY-161206
    Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc is a conjugate of E3 ligase ligand and linker, consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and the corresponding Linker. Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc can serve as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein and serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of complete PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-Pip-C-Pip-O-C-boc
  • HY-50876A
    Daporinad hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Daporinad (FK866) hydrochloride is a non-competitive inhibitor of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), with a Ki value of 0.3 nM. Daporinad hydrochloride depletes NAD+ and ATP levels, inhibits mTORC1 and MAPK/ERK pathways, and activates TFEB to induce autophagy. Daporinad hydrochloride causes the depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ pool, ultimately weakening the mitogen-induced Ca²⁺ signal and the activation and function of T cells. Daporinad hydrochloride induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibits cell proliferation. Daporinad hydrochloride can be used for the study of myeloma, liver cancer, and immunosuppression.
    Daporinad hydrochloride
  • HY-144724
    HSP90-IN-10
    HSP90-IN-10 (Compound 16s) is a potent inhibitor of HSP90. HSP90-IN-10 exhibits high antiproliferative potency against HCC1954 breast cancer cells with the IC50 value of 6 µM. HSP90-IN-10 does not inhibit the growth of normal epithelial cells. HSP90-IN-10 also induces apoptosis.
    HSP90-IN-10
  • HY-18174S
    Prexasertib-d4
    		Inducer
    Prexasertib-d4 (LY2606368-d4) is the deuterium labeled Prexasertib (HY-18174). Prexasertib (LY2606368) is a selective, ATP-competitive second-generation checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor with a Ki of 0.9 nM and an IC50 of <1 nM. Prexasertib inhibits CHK2 (IC50=8 nM) and RSK1 (IC50=9 nM). Prexasertib causes double-stranded DNA breakage and replication catastrophe resulting in apoptosis. Prexasertib shows potent anti-tumor activity.
    Prexasertib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-B0144S
    Pitavastatin-d4 hemicalcium
    		Inducer
    Pitavastatin-d4 (hemicalcium) is deuterium labeled Pitavastatin (Calcium). Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104 hemicalcium) is a potent hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. Pitavastatin Calcium (NK-104 hemicalcium) inhibits cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid with an IC50 of 5.8 nM in HepG2 cells. Pitavastatin Calcium is an efficient hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor inducer. Anti-cancer activity[1][2][3].
    Pitavastatin-d<sub>4</sub> hemicalcium
  • HY-118620R
    Nortriptyline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nortriptyline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nortriptyline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nortriptyline (Desmethylamitriptyline), the main active metabolite of Amitriptyline, is a tricyclic antidepressant. Nortriptyline is a potent autophagy inhibitor and has anticancer effects. N
    Nortriptyline (Standard)
  • HY-P10780
    RFRP-3 (mouse)
    		Activator 98.82%
    RFRP-3 (mouse) is a functional ortholog of avian gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), binding to GPR147. RFRP-3 (mouse) reduces Progesterone synthesis by inhibiting FSHR and key enzymes involved in steroidogenesis (P450scc, 3β-HSD, StAR). RFRP-3 (mouse) induces Apoptosis (increase of p53). RFRP-3 (mouse) also suppresses the ERK signaling pathway. RFRP-3 (mouse) can be used for research of follicular development.
    RFRP-3 (mouse)
  • HY-17406R
    Tolcapone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tolcapone (Standard) (Ro 40-7592 (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Tolcapone (HY-17406). Tolcapone (Ro 40-7592) is a selective, potent and orally active COMT inhibitor with an IC50of 773 nM. Tolcapone can inhibits α-syn and Aβ42 oligomerization and fibrillogenesis. Tolcapone can cause oxidative stress and induce cancer cells apoptosis and ROS production. Tolcapone can be used for the researches of cancer and neurological disease, such as Parkinson disease and neuroblastoma.
    Tolcapone (Standard)
  • HY-N0720R
    Neobavaisoflavone (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Neobavaisoflavone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Neobavaisoflavone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Neobavaisoflavone, a flavonoid, is isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. Neobavaisoflavone exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-oxidation activities. Neobavaisoflavone inhibits DNA polymerase at moderate to high concentrations. Neobavaisoflavone also inhibits platelet aggregation.
    Neobavaisoflavone (Standard)
  • HY-P4403
    Z-DEVD-R110
    Z-DEVD-R110 ((Z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp)2-Rhodamine 110) is a fluorogenic caspase-3/7 substrate. Z-DEVD-R110 can be used to detect apoptosis. Z-DEVD-R110 is a rhodamine derivative with two four–amino acid (DEVD) peptides linked to the fuorophore.
    Z-DEVD-R110
  • HY-W584512
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COO (t-Bu) is a ligand for E3 ubiquitin ligase PROTAC BET Degrader-1 (HY-103633).
    Thalidomide-NH-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
  • HY-118817
    Evariquinone
    		Inhibitor
    Evariquinone is an anthraquinone compound isolated from the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. JS-0367 of mulberry. Evariquinone possesses direct antioxidant activity. It inhibits excessive phosphorylation of the JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways by suppressing ROS and Ca2+, thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis. Evariquinone can be used to study glutamate excitotoxicity-related neurological disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, etc.).
    Evariquinone
  • HY-B0239S2
    Threo-Chloramphenicol-d6
    Threo-Chloramphenicol-d6 is the deuterium labeled Chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol is an orally active, potent and broad-spectrum antibiotic. Chloramphenicol shows antibacterial activity. Chloramphenicol represses the oxygen-labile transcription factor and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in hypoxic A549 and H1299 cells. Chloramphenicol suppresses the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1, eventually decreasing VEGF release. Chloramphenicol can be used for anaerobic infections and lung cancer research.
    Threo-Chloramphenicol-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-182649
    NN-429
    		Inducer
    NN-429 is a selective HDAC6 inhibitor. NN-429 induces apoptosis, increases the acetylation level of α-tubulin, and exhibits cytotoxicity against cancer cells. NN-429 is applicable to research related to acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma and lymphoma.
    NN-429
  • HY-B1490S1
    Imipramine-d3 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Imipramine-d3 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Imipramine (hydrochloride). Imipramine is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.
    Imipramine-d<sub>3</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-P991590
    1D09C3
    		Inducer
    1D09C3 is a fully human anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody. 1D09C3 induces apoptosis and cell death involving a cascade of events, including ROS generation, JNK activation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and AIF release from mitochondria. 1D09C3 shows potent anti-tumor activity and increases overall survival and median survival in JVM-2 cells and GRANTA-519 cells xenograft mice models. 1D09C3 can be used for the researches of cancer, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
    1D09C3
  • HY-N2515R
    Ginsenoside Rk1 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ginsenoside Rk1 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside Rk1. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside Rk1 is a unique component created by processing the ginseng plant (mainly Sung Ginseng, SG) at high temperatures. Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-inflammatory effect, suppresses the activation of Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and NF-κB. Ginsenoside Rk1 has anti-tumor effect, antiplatelet aggregation activities, anti-insulin resistance, nephroprotective effect, antimicrobial effect, cognitive function enhancement, lipid accumulation reduction and prevents osteoporosis. Ginsenoside Rk1 induces cell apoptosis by triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and blocking PI3K/Akt pathway.
    Ginsenoside Rk1 (Standard)
  • HY-180192
    Dehydroxy-oridonin-vinyl ester
    		Inducer
    Dehydroxy-oridonin-vinyl ester (Compound 6k) is an anti-cancer agent. Dehydroxy-oridonin-vinyl ester exhibits extremely strong anti-proliferative activity against SU-DHL-6 cells, with its IC₅₀ value being 0.12 μM. Dehydroxy-oridonin-vinyl ester induces cell apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, without affecting the cell cycle progression. Dehydroxy-oridonin-vinyl can be used for the study of lymphoma.
    Dehydroxy-oridonin-vinyl ester
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity