2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13630R
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Etoposide phosphate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Etoposide phosphate (BMY-40481) is a potent anti-cancer chemotherapy agent and a selective topoisomerase II inhibitor to prevent re-ligation of DNA strands. Etoposide phosphate is the phosphate ester proagent of etoposide and is considered as active equivalent to Etoposide. Etoposide phosphate induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy.
    Etoposide phosphate (Standard)
  • HY-183737
    ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1 is a ATG5-TECAIR interaction inhibitor with an IC50 of 20.79 μM. ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1 inhibits autophagy. TG5/TECAIR-IN-1 is applicable to research on modulating protein-protein interactions to intervene in autophagy-related diseases, such as infectious diseases and cancers.
    ATG5/TECAIR-IN-1
  • HY-N0741AR
    Leonurine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Leonurine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Leonurine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Leonurine hydrochloride is an alkaloid isolated from Leonurus artemisia, with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory.
    Leonurine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-17408R
    Mevastatin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Mevastatin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mevastatin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mevastatin (Compactin) is a first HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that belongs to the statins class. Mevastatin is a lipid-lowering agent, and induces apoptosis, arrests cancer cells in G0/G1 phase. Mevastatin also increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein levels. Mevastatin has antitumor activity and has the potential for cardiovascular diseases treatment.
    Mevastatin (Standard)
  • HY-W584523
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA is an E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate consisting of Thalidomide (HY-14658) and NH-PEG3-NH-Boc. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA acts as a ligand for Cereblon to recruit CRBN protein. Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-4-NH-PEG1-COOH TFA
  • HY-B1000S1
    Selenomethionine-77Se
    Selenomethionine-77Se (Seleno-DL-methionine-77Se) is the 77Se- labeled Selenomethionine (HY-B1000). Selenomethionine is a naturally occurring amino acid containing selenium that has oral activity and is a common natural food source. Selenomethionine has antitumor activity.
    Selenomethionine-<sup>77</sup>Se
  • HY-146390
    Antiproliferative agent-5
    		Activator
    Antiproliferative agent-5 (compound 4o) can significantly and irreversibly inhibit proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Antiproliferative agent-5 causes the G2/M phase arrest, and induces ROS accumulation and activation of autophagy. Antiproliferative agent-5 can be used for researching anticancer.
    Antiproliferative agent-5
  • HY-16561G
    Resveratrol (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Resveratrol (GMP) is Resveratrol (HY-16561) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules work appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501), a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.
    Resveratrol (GMP)
  • HY-14266S1
    Dapivirine-d4
    		Inducer
    Dapivirine-d4 (TMC120-d4) is deuterium labeled Dapivirine. Dapivirine (TMC120), the prototype of diarylpyrimidines (DAPY), is an orally active and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Dapivirine (TMC120) binds directly to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Dapivirine (TMC120) regulates autophagy and induced Akt, Bad and SAPK/JNK activations.
    Dapivirine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-W714048
    Laduviglusib-d4
    Laduviglusib-d4 (CHIR-99021-d4) is the deuterium labeled Laduviglusib (HY-10182). Laduviglusib (CHIR-99021) is a potent, selective and orally active GSK-3α/β inhibitor with IC50s of 10 nM and 6.7 nM. Laduviglusib shows >500-fold selectivity for GSK-3 over CDC2, ERK2 and other protein kinases. Laduviglusib is also a potent Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activator. Laduviglusib enhances mouse and human embryonic stem cells self-renewal. Laduviglusib induces autophagy.
    Laduviglusib-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0384S5
    Homovanillic acid-13C,d3
    Homovanillic acid-13C,d3 (Vanilacetic acid-13C,d3) is 13C and deuterium labeled Homovanillic acid (HY-N0384). Homovanillic acid (Vanilacetic acid) is a dopamine metabolite found to be associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, celiac disease, growth hormone deficiency, and sepiapterin reductase deficiency.
    Homovanillic acid-<sup>13</sup>C,d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0538S4
    Xylitol-d7
    Xylitol-d7 is the deuterium labeled Xylit.
    Xylitol-d<sub>7</sub>
  • HY-N0382R
    Galangin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Galangin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Galangin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Galangin (Norizalpinin) is an agonist/antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Galangin (Norizalpinin) also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.
    Galangin (Standard)
  • HY-15893G
    DMOG (GMP)
    		Inducer
    DMOG (GMP) is the GMP level of DMOG (HY-15893). GMP small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. DMOG (GMP) is a HIF-1α stabilizer. DMOG (GMP) promotes the osteogenic, angiogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells by stabilizing the expression of HIF-1α. DMOG (GMP) can enhance the osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation potential of stem cells, thereby improving bone regeneration in bone defects. DMOG (GMP) can be used in the research of bone defect repair, vascularized bone regeneration, and the treatment of bone-related diseases (such as osteoporosis and femoral head necrosis) .
    DMOG (GMP)
  • HY-106146
    Paclitaxel ceribate
    		Inducer
    Paclitaxel ceribate is the ester form of paclitaxel, a natural antineoplastic agent that stabilizes tubulin polymerization. Paclitaxel causes mitotic arrest and induces apoptosis, ultimately leading to cell death. Paclitaxel also induces autophagy.
    Paclitaxel ceribate
  • HY-138854
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2 is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-NH-amido-PEG1-C2-NH2
  • HY-14664B
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin
    		Inducer
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin is the 3R,5S-isomer Fluvastatin. Fluvastatin (XU 62-320 free acid) is a first fully synthetic, competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 8 nM. Fluvastatin protects vascular smooth muscle cells against oxidative stress through the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway.
    (3R,5S)-Fluvastatin
  • HY-W752012
    Adapalene-13C6
    Adapalene-13C6 (CD271-13C6) is the 13C-labeled Adapalene (HY-B0091). Adapalene (CD271), a third-generation synthetic retinoid, is widely used for the research of acne. Adapalene is a potent RAR agonist, with AC50s of 2.3 nM, 9.3 nM, and 22 nM for RARβ, RARγ, RARα, respectively. Adapalene also inhibits the enzymatic activity of GOT1 in a non-competitive manner. Adapalene exhibits anti-tumor activity.
    Adapalene-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-143656
    SH379
    SH379 is the derivative of 2-methylpyrimidine-fused tricyclic diterpene. SH379 is a potent and orally active anti-late-onset hypogonadism agent. SH379 significantly promotes the expression of the key testosterone synthesis-related enzymes StAR and 3β-HSD. SH379 stimulates autophagy through regulating AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
    SH379
  • HY-158436
    Antitumor agent-155
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-155 (Compound 13) inhibits microtubule polymerization, induces autophagy and apoptosis. Antitumor agent-155 shows cytotoxicity against HCT116, A549, AGS, SK-MES-1 cells with IC50s of 0.227, 0.253, 0.574, 0.423 μM respectively.
    Antitumor agent-155
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.