2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-15373
    Fenretinide
    		Inducer 98.34%
    Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid deriverative, binding to the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) at concentrations necessary to induce cell death.
    Fenretinide
  • HY-17464
    Cilostazol
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Cilostazol (OPC 13013) is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A, the isoform of PDE 3 in the cardiovascular system, with an IC50 of 0.2 μM.
    Cilostazol
  • HY-N0752
    Scutellarein
    		Inducer 99.39%
    Scutellarein is a natural flavonoid compound with anti-inflammatory effects.
    Scutellarein
  • HY-15597
    Salinomycin
    		Modulator 99.74%
    Salinomycin (Procoxacin), a polyether potassium ionophore antibiotic, selectively inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria. Salinomycin is a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, blocks Wnt-induced LRP6 phosphorylation. Salinomycin shows selective activity against human cancer stem cells.
    Salinomycin
  • HY-14595
    Biochanin A
    		99.33%
    Biochanin A is a naturally occurring fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, which inhibits FAAH with IC50s of 1.8, 1.4 and 2.4 μM for mouse, rat, and human FAAH, respectively.
    Biochanin A
  • HY-109083
    Cilofexor
    		99.82%
    Cilofexor (GS-9674) is a potent, selective and orally active nonsteroidal FXR agonist with an EC50 of 43 nM. Cilofexor has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Cilofexor has the potential for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) research.
    Cilofexor
  • HY-B1490A
    Imipramine
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Imipramine is an orally active tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant. Imipramine is a Fascin1 inhibitor with antitumor activities. Imipramine also inhibits serotonin transporter with an IC50 value of 32 nM. Imipramine stimulates U-87MG glioma cells autophagy and induces HL-60 cell apoptosis. Imipramine shows neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects.
    Imipramine
  • HY-N0372
    Licochalcone A
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Licochalcone A (LCA), a flavonoid isolated, presents obvious anti-cancer effects, displays broad-spectrum inhibition against UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Licochalcone A (LCA) exhibits strong inhibitory effects against UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A9, and 2B7 (both IC50 and Ki values lower than 5 μM) .
    Licochalcone A
  • HY-12203
    PFK-158
    		Inducer 98.95%
    PFK-158 is a potent and selective PFKFB3 inhibitor with an IC50 value 137 nM. PFK-158 reduces glucose uptake, ATP production, lactate release, and induces apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. PFK-158 has broad anti-tumor activity. PFK-158 can also enhance Colistin's resistance to bacteria.
    PFK-158
  • HY-14188
    Amiodarone hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Amiodarone hydrochloride, a benzofuran-based Class III antiarrhythmic agent, inhibits WT outward ionic current (IhERG) tails with an IC50 of ∼45 nM. Amiodarone hydrochloride induces cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling in fibroblasts. Amiodarone hydrochloride can be used in the research of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.
    Amiodarone hydrochloride
  • HY-134923
    CA77.1
    		Inducer 99.92%
    CA77.1 is a potent, brain-penetrant and orally active chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) activator with favorable pharmacokinetics. CA77.1 is a derivative of AR7 (HY-101106) and can increase the expression of the lysosomal receptor LAMP2A in?lysosomes. CA77.1 improves behavior and neuropathology in PS19 mice model and can be used for alzheimer's?disease research.
    CA77.1
  • HY-13738A
    Raloxifene hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.78%
    Raloxifene hydrochloride (Keoxifene hydrochloride) is a second generation selective and orally active estrogen receptor modulator. Raloxifene hydrochloride produces estrogen-agonistic effects on bone and lipid metabolism and estrogen-antagonistic effects on uterine endometrium and breast tissue.
    Raloxifene hydrochloride
  • HY-10182G
    Laduviglusib (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Laduviglusib (CHIR-99021) (GMP) is Laduviglusib (HY-10182) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Laduviglusib is a potent, orally active and selective GSK-3α/β inhibitor.
    Laduviglusib (GMP)
  • HY-B0167
    Salicylic acid
    		Inducer 98.42%
    Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation. Salicylic acid has blood-brain barrier permeability.
    Salicylic acid
  • HY-14664A
    Fluvastatin sodium
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Fluvastatin sodium (XU 62320) is a first fully synthetic, competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 8 nM. Fluvastatin sodium protects vascular smooth muscle cells against oxidative stress through the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway.
    Fluvastatin sodium
  • HY-100973A
    Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium
    		Inducer 99.47%
    Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium (ADP ribose sodium) is a nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+) metabolite. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium is the most potent and primary intracellular Ca2+-permeable cation TRPM2 channel activator. Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium also can enhance autophagy.
    Adenosine 5′-diphosphoribose sodium
  • HY-B0492
    Paroxetine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Paroxetine hydrochloride is a potent selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, commonly prescribed as an GRK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 14 μM. Paroxetine hydrochloride can be used for the research of depressive disorder.
    Paroxetine hydrochloride
  • HY-B0495
    Lamotrigine
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al.
    Lamotrigine
  • HY-15122
    Sinomenine
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Sinomenine, an alkaloid extracted from Sinomenium acutum, is a blocker of the NF-κB activation. Sinomenine also is an activator of μ-opioid receptor.
    Sinomenine
  • HY-B0151
    Pregnenolone
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Pregnenolone (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication. Pregnenolone is also a TRPM3 channel activator, and also can weakly activate TRPM1 channels.
    Pregnenolone
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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