2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-17502R
    Simvastatin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Simvastatin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Simvastatin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Simvastatin (MK 733) is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a Ki of 0.2 nM.
    Simvastatin (Standard)
  • HY-N10093
    Chamaejasmine
    		Inducer 98.17%
    Chamaejasmine is a biflavonoid that can be isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. Chamaejasmine has antitumor activity. Chamaejasmine induces cell apoptosis, autophagy and ROS production, and activates the activity of AMPK/mTOR signal pathway.
    Chamaejasmine
  • HY-B0863S3
    Glyphosate-13C2,15N
    		Inducer 99.9%
    Glyphosate-13C2,15N is the 13C and 15N labled Glyphosate (HY-B0863). Glyphosate is an herbicidal derivative of the amino acid glycine. Glyphosate targets and blocks a plant metabolic pathway not found in animals, the shikimate pathway, required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants.
    Glyphosate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N
  • HY-100443A
    trans-PX20606
    		99.24%
    PX20606 trans racemate (PX-102 trans racemate) is a FXR agonist with EC50s of 32 and 34 nM for FXR in FRET and M1H assay, respectively.
    trans-PX20606
  • HY-144782A
    HDAC10-IN-2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    HDAC10-IN-2 hydrochloride (compound 10c) is a potent and highly selective HDAC10 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 20 nM. HDAC10-IN-2 hydrochloride modulates autophagy in aggressive FLT3-ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia cells.
    HDAC10-IN-2 hydrochloride
  • HY-N2580
    Zinc Phytate
    		Activator 98.20%
    Zinc Phytate (myo-Inositol; hexakis dihydrogen phosphate; Inositol hexaphosphate) is an orally active compound. Zinc Phytate can be derived from the seeds of legumes. Zinc Phytate is a [PO4]3- storage depot and precursor for other inositol phosphates and pyrophosphates. Zinc Phytate attenuates Aβ oligomers and upregulates autophagy protein. Zinc Phytate can be used in cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, nervous system disease and cancer research.
    Zinc Phytate
  • HY-17507B
    Pantoprazole sodium hydrate
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Pantoprazole sodium hydrate (BY10232 sodium hydrate) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium hydrate, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole sodium hydrate
  • HY-17508S1
    Clarithromycin-d3
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    Clarithromycin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Clarithromycin (HY-17508). Clarithromycin has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Clarithromycin inhibits the CYP3A4-catalyzed triazolam alpha-hydroxylation with the IC50 (Ki) value of 56 (43) μM. Clarithromycin significantly inhibits the HERG potassium current.Clarithromycin affects the autophagic flux by impairing the signaling pathway linking hERG1 and PI3K.
    Clarithromycin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N0153R
    Naringin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin also inhibits proliferation and invasion and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (Zeb1).
    Naringin (Standard)
  • HY-N4119
    Neoeriocitrin
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Neoeriocitrin is a Naringin (HY-N0153) analogue found in Drynaria Rhizome. Neoeriocitrin induces cells proliferation, differentiation, up-regulates type I collagen, osteocalcin, and key osteogenic markers, and increases ALP activity. Neoeriocitrin increases expression of Runx2, COL I, OCN and Beclin1. Neoeriocitrin inhibits phosphorylation of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, reduces acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and increases choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. Neoeriocitrin reduces apoptosis and induces autophagy. Neoeriocitrin can be used for the researches of osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease.
    Neoeriocitrin
  • HY-15463S
    Imatinib-d8
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Imatinib-d8 is a deuterium labeled Imatinib (STI571). Imatinib is an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinases inhibitor that selectively inhibits BCR/ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR and c-kit kinase activity.
    Imatinib-d<sub>8</sub>
  • HY-156278
    FB49
    		Inhibitor 99.76%
    FB49 is a highly selective inhibitor of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), with the Ki of 45 μM. FB49 inhibits the cell growth in human tumoral cells, but has no toxicity in human peripheral mononuclear cells. FB49 block cell cycle in G1 phase and to induce apoptosis as well as autophagy in medulloblastoma HD-MB03 treated cells.
    FB49
  • HY-10284S
    Linagliptin-d4
    		Inducer 99.9%
    Linagliptin-d4 is deuterium labeled Linagliptin. Linagliptin is a highly potent, selective DPP-4 inhibitor with IC50 of 1 nM. Linagliptin-d4 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    Linagliptin-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-14654S1
    Aspirin-d4
    		Inducer 98.41%
    Aspirin-d4 is the deuterium labeled Aspirin (HY-14654). Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) is an orally active, potent and irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2, with IC50 values of 5 and 210 μg/mL, respectively. Aspirin induces apoptosis. Aspirin inhibits the activation of NF-κB. Aspirin also inhibits platelet prostaglandin synthetase, and can prevent coronary artery and cerebrovascular thrombosis.
    Aspirin-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-10218S
    Everolimus-d4
    		Inducer 98.74%
    Everolimus-d4 is the deuterium labeled Everolimus. Everolimus (RAD001) is a Rapamycin derivative and a potent, selective and orally active mTOR1 inhibitor. Everolimus binds to FKBP-12 to generate an immunosuppressive complex. Everolimus inhibits tumor cells proliferation and induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Everolimus has potent immunosuppressive and anticancer activities.
    Everolimus-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0500
    Mogroside III
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Mogroside III is a triterpenoid glycoside. Mogroside III exhibits maltase inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 1.6 mM. Mogroside III enhances oocyte developmental potential by promoting autophagy in cumulus cells. Mogroside III, as the active ingredient of the low-polarity glycoside component (L-SGgly), L-SGgly can increase serum GLP-1 levels, improve insulin resistance, and reduce IL-6 levels, and has hypoglycemic, lipid-regulating and anti-inflammatory effects. Mogroside III can be used for the studies of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and assisted reproductive technology.
    Mogroside III
  • HY-11087
    SD 0006
    		98.22%
    SD 0006 (SD-06) is an orally active, selective, ATP-competitive and potent diaryl pyrazole inhibitor of p38α MAP kinase, with an IC50 of 110 nM for p38α.
    SD 0006
  • HY-145748
    SYUIQ-5
    		Inhibitor 99.03%
    SYUIQ-5 is a G-quadruplex ligand. SYUIQ-5 stabilizes G-quadruplex and induce senescence. SYUIQ-5 inhibits c-myc gene promoter activity. SYUIQ-5 induces cancer cells autophagy by triggering telomere damage through TRF2 delocalization from telomeres.
    SYUIQ-5
  • HY-10224R
    Panobinostat (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Panobinostat (Standard) (LBH589 (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Panobinostat (HY-10224). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Panobinostat is a potent and orally active non-selective HDAC inhibitor, and has antineoplastic activities. Panobinostat induces HIV-1 virus production even at low concentration range 8-31 nM, stimulates HIV-1 expression in latently infected cells. Panobinostat induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Panobinostat can be used for the study of refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma.
    Panobinostat (Standard)
  • HY-155954
    UCM-1336
    		Inducer 99.86%
    UCM-1336 is a potent ICMT inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2 μM. UCM-1336 induces mislocalization of endogenous Ras, decreases Ras activation and induces cell death by autophagy and apoptosis.
    UCM-1336
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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