2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0575R
    Pinocembrin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pinocembrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pinocembrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pinocembrin ((+)-Pinocoembrin) is a flavonoid found in propolis, acts as a competitive inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, and is an effective anti-allergic agent, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Pinocembrin (Standard)
  • HY-14171S
    Bexarotene-d4
    		Inducer 98.51%
    Bexarotene-d4 is a deuterium labeled Bexarotene (LGD1069). Bexarotene (LGD1069) is a selective retinoid X receptors (RXR) agonist for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
    Bexarotene-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-15296R
    Cabergoline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cabergoline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cabergoline. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cabergoline is an ergot derived-dopamine D2-like receptor agonist that has high affinity for D2, D3, and 5-HT2B receptors (Ki=0.7, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively).
    Cabergoline (Standard)
  • HY-15127R
    Isotretinoin (Standard)
    Isotretinoin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isotretinoin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isotretinoin (13-cis-Retinoic acid) is an orally active vitamin A derivative and is often be used for the research of severe acne. Isotretinoin also shows anticancer activity.
    Isotretinoin (Standard)
  • HY-14248R
    Letrozole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Letrozole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Letrozole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Letrozole (CGS 20267) is a potent, selective, reversible and orally active non-steroidal inhibitor of aromatase, with an IC50 of 11.5 nM. Letrozole selective inhibits estrogen biosynthesis, and can be used for the research of breast cancer.
    Letrozole (Standard)
  • HY-14721R
    Tepotinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tepotinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tepotinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tepotinib (EMD-1214063) is an orally active and highly selective, reversible, ATP-competitive c-Met inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM, >200-fold selective for c-Met than IRAK4, TrkA, Axl, IRAK1, and Mer. Tepotinib inhibits c-Met phosphorylation. Tepotinib has antitumor effects.
    Tepotinib (Standard)
  • HY-15247R
    Vistusertib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Vistusertib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vistusertib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vistusertib (AZD2014) is an ATP competitive mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.81 nM. AZD2014 inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes.
    Vistusertib (Standard)
  • HY-10256AR
    Adezmapimod hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Adezmapimod (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adezmapimod (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adezmapimod (SB 203580; RWJ 64809) hydrochloride is a selective and ATP-competitive p38 MAPK inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 500 nM for SAPK2a/p38 and SAPK2b/p38β2, respectively. Adezmapimod hydrochloride inhibits LCK, GSK3β and PKBα with IC50s of 100-500-fold higher than that for SAPK2a/p38. Adezmapimod hydrochloride does not disrupt JNK activity and is an autophagy and mitophagy activator.
    Adezmapimod hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-12028R
    PD98059 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    PD98059 (Standard) is the analytical standard of PD98059. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PD98059 is a potent and selective MEK inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 µM. PD98059 binds to the inactive form of MEK, thereby preventing the activation of MEK1 (IC50 of 2-7 µM) and MEK2 (IC50 of 50 µM) by upstream kinases. PD98059 is a ERK1/2 signaling inhibitor. PD98059 is a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and suppresses TCDD binding (IC50 of 4 μM) and AHR transformation (IC50 of 1 μM). PD98059 also inhibits Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus CalmetteGuerin (BCG)-induced autophagy.
    PD98059 (Standard)
  • HY-50895S2
    Gefitinib-d3
    		Inducer 98.39%
    Gefitinib-d3 (ZD1839-d3) is the deuterium labeled Gefitinib. Gefitinib (ZD1839) is a potent, selective and orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 33 nM. Gefitinib selectively inhibits EGF-stimulated tumor cell growth (IC50 of 54 nM) and that blocks EGF-stimulated EGFR autophosphorylation in tumor cells. Gefitinib also induces autophagy. Gefitinib has antitumour activity.
    Gefitinib-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-14862
    Latrepirdine
    		Inducer 99.51%
    Latrepirdine is a neuroactive compound with antagonist activity at histaminergic, α-adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. Latrepirdine stimulates amyloid precursor protein (APP) catabolism and amyloid-β (Aβ) secretion.
    Latrepirdine
  • HY-17386S1
    Rosiglitazone-d4
    		Inducer 99.72%
    Rosiglitazone-d4 is deuterated labeled Rosiglitazone (HY-17386). Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone is an TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-17507R
    Pantoprazole (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Pantoprazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pantoprazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pantoprazole (BY10232) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole (Standard)
  • HY-B1189S
    Meglutol-d3
    		98.04%
    Meglutol-d3 is the deuterium labeled Meglutol. Meglutol is an antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids, and inhibits the activity of hydroxymethylglutarryl CoA reductases, which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
    Meglutol-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-50673A
    Dactolisib hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.41%
    Dactolisib (BEZ235) hydrochloride is an orally active, dual pan-class I PI3K and mTOR inhibitor for p110α/γ/δ/β and mTOR with IC50 of 4 nM/5 nM/7 nM/75 nM and 20.7 nM, respectively. Dactolisib hydrochloride (BEZ235) inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    Dactolisib hydrochloride
  • HY-B0594R
    Iohexol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Iohexol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Iohexol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Iohexol is a non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent used as a reference marker for the determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the level of renal function. Iohexol can be used for contrast in myelography, computerized tomography (cisternography, ventriculography) and MicroCT imaging.
    Iohexol (Standard)
  • HY-14832R
    Ataluren (Standard)
    Ataluren (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ataluren. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ataluren (PTC124) is an orally available CFTR-G542X nonsense allele inhibitor.
    Ataluren (Standard)
  • HY-15122R
    Sinomenine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sinomenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sinomenine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sinomenine, an alkaloid extracted from?Sinomenium acutum, is a blocker of the NF-κB activation. Sinomenine also is an activator of μ-opioid receptor.
    Sinomenine (Standard)
  • HY-10159R
    Nilotinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nilotinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nilotinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nilotinib is an orally available Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity.
    Nilotinib (Standard)
  • HY-17504AS1
    Rosuvastatin-d6
    		Inducer
    Rosuvastatin-d6 (ZD 4522-d6) is deuterium labeled Rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin (ZD 4522) is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with an IC50 of 11 nM. Rosuvastatin potently blocks hERG current with an IC50 of 195 nM, delayed cardiac repolarization, and thereby prolonged action potential durations (APDs) and corrected QT interval (QTc) intervals. Rosuvastatin reduces the expression of the mature hERG and the interaction of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) with the hERG protein. Rosuvastatin effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein levels.
    Rosuvastatin-d<sub>6</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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