2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

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The p53 tumor suppressor is a principal mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular damage. p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Under stress conditions, the p53 protein accumulates in the cell, binds in its tetrameric form to p53-response elements and induces the transcription of various genes.

MDM-2 is transcriptionally activated by p53 and MDM-2, in turn, inhibits p53 activity in several ways. MDM-2 binds to the p53 transactivation domain and thereby inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. MDM-2 also contains a signal sequence that is similar to the nuclear export signal of various viral proteins and, after binding to p53, it induces its nuclear export. As p53 is a transcription factor, it needs to be in the nucleus to be able to access the DNA; its transport to the cytoplasm by MDM-2 prevents this. Finally, MDM-2 is a ubiquitin ligase, so is able to target p53 for degradation by the proteasome.

In many tumors p53 is inactivated by the overexpression of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 or by the loss of activity of the MDM2 inhibitor ARF. The pathway can be reactivated in these tumors by small molecules that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 and/or MDM4 with p53. Such molecules are now in clinical trials.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N2037A
    Higenamine hydrochloride
    		Activator 99.34%
    Higenamine hydrochloride is a selective LSD1 inhibitor (IC50=1.47 μM) that can be isolated from aconite. Higenamine hydrochloride has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. Higenamine (Norcoclaurine) can attenuate IL-1β-induced Apoptosis through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Higenamine hydrochloride protects brain cells from oxygen deprivation. Higenamine can promote bone formation in osteoporosis through the SMAD2/3 pathway. Higenamine hydrochloride can be used to study cancer, inflammation, cardiorenal syndrome and other diseases.
    Higenamine hydrochloride
  • HY-19980A
    PRIMA-1
    		p53 Activator 98.0%
    PRIMA-1 (NSC-281668) is a mutant p53 reactivator, restores the sensitivity of TP53 mutant-type thyroid cancer cells to the histone methylation inhibitor 3-Deazaneplanocin A.
    PRIMA-1
  • HY-110182
    SP-141
    		MDM2 Inhibitor 98.93%
    SP-141 is a specific inhibitor of MDM2. SP-141 promotes MDM2 auto-ubiquitination and degradation. SP-141 might be used for the research of pancreatic cancer and breast cancer cells.
    SP-141
  • HY-P5831
    Biotin-H10
    		Inhibitor 98.94%
    Biotin-H10 is a specific anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) inhibitor with a KD of 6.4 nM. Biotin-H10 inhibits cancer cells viability.
    Biotin-H10
  • HY-N1423A
    Glycocholic acid sodium
    		Activator
    Glycocholic acid sodium is a bile acid derivative. Glycocholic acid downregulates MDR1, Bcl-2, MRP1, MRP2 and FXR, upregulates Bax, p53, caspase-9, caspase-3, TGR5 and S1PR2. Glycocholic acid sodium inhibits multidrug resistance and efflux pumps, induces mitochondrial apoptosis, and enhances chemosensitivity. Glycocholic acid sodium modulates related bile acid receptor signaling. Glycocholic acid sodium suppresses growth and conjugation of Enterobacteriaceae and increases their antibiotic susceptibility. Glycocholic acid sodium can be used for the research of colon adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
    Glycocholic acid sodium
  • HY-15221
    Methylstat
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Methylstat is a potent histone demethylases inhibitor. Methylstat shows anti-proliferative activity with low cytotoxicity. Methylstat induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Methylstat increases the expression of p53 and p21 protein levels. Methylstat inhibits angiogenesis induced by various cytokines. Methylstat can be used as a chemical probe for addressing its role in angiogenesis.
    Methylstat
  • HY-148409
    MMRi62
    		Inhibitor 99.59%
    MMRi62, a ferroptosis inducer targeting MDM2-MDM4 (negative regulators of tumor suppressor p53). MMRi62 shows a P53-independent pro-apoptotic activity against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and induce autophagy. MMRi62 inducesferroptosis, resulting in a increase of reactive oxygen and lysosomal degradation of ferritin heavy chain (FTH1). MMRi62 also leads to proteasomal degradation of mutant p53, also inhibits orthotopic xenograft PDAC mouse model in vivo with high frequency mutation characteristics of KRAS and TP53.12.
    MMRi62
  • HY-131611
    6-Azuridine
    		99.83%
    6-Azuridine (6-Azauridine) is an orally active purine nucleoside analogue. 6-Azuridine activates autophagic flux, induces Apoptosis that depends on AMPK and p53. 6-Azuridine exhibit both antitumor and antiviral activities.
    6-Azuridine
  • HY-N0912
    Rehmannioside D
    		Modulator 99.89%
    Rehmannioside D is an orally active Sirt7 modulator. Rehmannioside D upregulates Sirt7 expression, inhibits the level of acetylated p53, and blocks the activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Rehmannioside D alleviates liver injury, inflammatory response, collagen deposition and hepatocyte apoptosis. Rehmannioside D is applicable to research related to liver fibrosis.
    Rehmannioside D
  • HY-N1423S
    Glycocholic acid-d4
    		Activator 99.92%
    Glycocholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glycocholic acid (HY-N1423). Glycocholic acid is a bile acid derivative. Glycocholic acid downregulates MDR1, Bcl-2, MRP1, MRP2 and FXR, upregulates Bax, p53, caspase-9, caspase-3, TGR5 and S1PR2. Glycocholic acid inhibits multidrug resistance and efflux pumps, induces mitochondrial apoptosis, and enhances chemosensitivity. Glycocholic acid modulates related bile acid receptor signaling. Glycocholic acid suppresses growth and conjugation of Enterobacteriaceae and increases their antibiotic susceptibility. Glycocholic acid can be used for the research of colon adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
    Glycocholic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-Y0148
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid
    		99.77%
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (10-HDAA) is a saturated fatty acid derived from 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, which can be isolated from royal jelly. 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid exhibits various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, anti-malarial, and anti-Leishmania properties, as well as enhancing antigen-specific immune responses. The anti-inflammatory effects of 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid are primarily mediated by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and the translation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), which reduces the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) in inflammatory cells. Additionally, 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid alleviates neuroinflammatory responses through the p53-autophagy pathway and the p53-NLRP3 pathway. Finally, 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid enhances antigen-specific immune responses by promoting the effective uptake of antigens by microfold cells.
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid
  • HY-P0121
    ReACp53
    		p53 Activator 99.32%
    ReACp53 could inhibit p53 amyloid formation and rescue p53 function in cancer cell lines.
    ReACp53
  • HY-124586
    Streptonigrin
    		Activator 99.20%
    Streptonigrin (Bruneomycin) is an orally active antibiotic and pan-PAD inhibitor, inhibiting PAD1, PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 with IC50 of 48.3 μM, 26.1 μM, 0.43 μM and 2.5 μM, respectively. Streptonigrin inhibits SENP1 (IC50 of 0.518 μM) and reduces HIF1α. Streptonigrin increases p53 and Apoptosis. Streptonigrin shows antiviral activity against Rauscher murine leukemia virus. Streptonigrin has immunosuppressive effects. Streptonigrin has antitumor activity against osteosarcoma.
    Streptonigrin
  • HY-15335
    Nutlin-3b
    		MDM2 Inhibitor 98.78%
    Nutlin-3b, the inactive form of Nutlin-3 (HY-50696), is a p53/MDM2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 13.6 μM. Nutlin-3b is 150 times less potent in binding to MDM2 than Nutlin-3a (HY-10029). Nutlin-3b is promising for research of cancers.
    Nutlin-3b
  • HY-18343A
    CP-31398 dihydrochloride
    		p53 Activator 99.63%
    CP-31398 dihydrochloride stabilizes the active conformation of p53 and promotes p53 activity in cancer cell lines with mutant or wild-type p53.
    CP-31398 dihydrochloride
  • HY-15869
    Inauhzin
    		p53 Activator 98.46%
    Inauhzin is a dual SirT1/IMPDH2 inhibitor, and acts as an activator p53, used in the research of cancer.
    Inauhzin
  • HY-18986
    SAR405838
    		MDM2 Inhibitor 98.84%
    SAR405838 (MI-77301), an analog of MI-773, is a highly potent and selective MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitor. SAR405838 binds to MDM2 with a Ki of 0.88 nM. SAR405838 induces apoptosis and has potent antitumor activity.
    SAR405838
  • HY-100892
    MX69
    		MDM2 Inhibitor 99.59%
    MX69 is an inhibitor of MDM2/XIAP, used for cancer treatment.
    MX69
  • HY-136910
    USP7-797
    		p53 Activator 99.09%
    USP7-797 (USP7-IN-7) is an orally available, selective USP7 inhibitor (IC50=0.5 nmol/L) with antitumor activity. USP7-797 reduces the level of MDM2, thereby increasing the stability and activity of p53, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. USP7-797 has low nanomolar cytotoxicity against p53 mutant cancer cell lines, p53 wild-type hematological tumors, and neuroblastoma cell lines.
    USP7-797
  • HY-101666
    HBX 41108
    		98.91%
    HBX 41108 is an inhibitor of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) with an IC50 of 424 nM. HBX 41108 inhibits USP7-mediated p53 deubiquitination to stabilize p53 and inhibits cancer cell growth. BX 41108 can be used in cancer and diabetes research.
    HBX 41108
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download MDM-2/p53 Signaling Pathway Map.

p53 is at the centre of biological interactions that translates stress signals into cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Upstream signaling to p53 increases its level and activates its function as a transcription factor in response to a wide variety of stresses, whereas downstream components execute the appropriate cellular response. 

 

Cell Stress: p53 induction by acute DNA damage begins when DNA double-strand breaks trigger activation of ATM, a kinase that phosphorylates the CHK2 kinase, or when stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks recruit ATR, which phosphorylates CHK1. p53 is a substrate for both the ATM and ATR kinases, as well as for CHK1 and CHK2, which coordinately phosphorylate p53 to promote its stabilization. These phosphorylation events are important for p53 stabilization, as some of the modifications disrupt the interaction between p53 and its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2 and MDM4 bind to the transcriptional activation domains of p53, thereby inhibiting p53 transactivation function, and MDM2 has additional activity as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that causes proteasome-mediated degradation of p53. Phosphorylation also allows the interaction of p53 with transcriptional cofactors, which is ultimately important for activation of target genes and for responses such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and senescence. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl can also be activated by DNA damage. Then the JNK/p38 is activated and leads to p53 activation[1][2]. 

 

Oncogenic signaling: The response to oncogene activation depends on the binding of ARF to MDM2. ARF is normally expressed at low levels in cells. Inappropriately increased E2F or Myc signals, stemming from oncogene activation, leads to the increased expression of ARF, which inhibits MDM2 by blocking its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, thereby segregating it from nucleoplasmic p53[3].

 

The PI3K-Akt pathway activates MDM2 and increases the ubiquitination of p53. 

 

Reference:
[1]. Chène P, et al. Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction: an important target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Feb;3(2):102-9.
[2]. Brown CJ, et al. Awakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Dec;9(12):862-73. 
[3]. Polager S, et al. p53 and E2f: partners in life and death. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Oct;9(10):738-48. doi: 10.1038/nrc2718.