2. Signalwege
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Art. -Nr. Produktname Wirkung Reinheit Chemical Structure
  • HY-126194
    Tolcapone 3-β-D-glucuronide
    		Inducer
    Tolcapone 3-β-D-glucuronide (Ro 61-1448) is an O-methyl metabolite of Tolcapone (HY-17406) and is pharmacologically inactive. Tolcapone (Ro 40-7592) is a selective, potent and orally active COMT inhibitor with an IC50of 773 nM. Tolcapone can inhibits α-syn and Aβ42 oligomerization and fibrillogenesis. Tolcapone can cause oxidative stress and induce cancer cells apoptosis and ROS production. Tolcapone can be used for the researches of cancer and neurological disease, such as Parkinson disease and neuroblastoma.
    Tolcapone 3-β-D-glucuronide
  • HY-101193R
    Zinc Protoporphyrin (Standard)
    Zinc Protoporphyrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Zinc Protoporphyrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is an orally active and competitive heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor and markedly attenuates the protective effects of Phloroglucinol (PG) against H2O2. Zinc Protoporphyrin is used as a screening marker of iron deficiency in individual pregnant women and children, but also to assess population iron status in combination with haemoglobin concentration. Zinc Protoporphyrin has anti-cancer activity.
    Zinc Protoporphyrin (Standard)
  • HY-N6951R
    Guaiazulene (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Guaiazulene (Standard) is the analytical standard of Guaiazulene (HY-N6951). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Guaiazulene is a bicyclic sesquiterpene that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Guaiazulene exhibits various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and anti-tumor properties. Guaiazulene is also commonly used as a colorant in cosmetics. Guaiazulene shows in vitro cytotoxicity to rat neuronal cells and N2a neuroblastoma cells at high concentrations.
    Guaiazulene (Standard)
  • HY-W075770
    Nickel(II) oxide
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    Nickel(II) oxide (nickel monoxide) is a chemical warfare agent that can enter the body through the respiratory tract and other routes, distributing to organs such as the lungs and testes. The nanoparticle form of nickel(II) oxide (NiO NPs) exhibits antibacterial, anti-leishmanial, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer activities. NiO NPs can be activated by ultraviolet and visible light, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nickel(II) oxide induces oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species, activating the TGF-β1-mediated MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, disrupting the MMPs/TIMPs balance, and upregulating the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6) and apoptosis-related molecules (Bax, caspase-3, p53), while inhibiting the activity of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. Nickel(II) oxide induces cytotoxicity, promotes fibrosis, triggers inflammatory responses, and causes apoptosis. Nickel(II) oxide can be applied in research on the safety assessment of nanomaterials, such as in the context of pulmonary fibrosis and reproductive system toxicity.
    Nickel(II) oxide
  • HY-N0805R
    Alisol B 23-acetate (Standard)
    		Activator
    Alisol B 23-acetate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Alisol B 23-acetate (HY-N0805). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Alisol B 23-acetate is an orally active prototerpane-type triterpenoid. Alisol B 23-acetate can be isolated from Alisma orientalis. Alisol B 23-acetate induces Apoptosis, promotes ROS generation, downregulates CDK4/6, MMP-2/9, upregulates cleaved PARP, activates FXR and inhibits Syk. Alisol B 23-acetate has anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. Alisol B 23-acetate protects the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Alisol B 23-acetate has anticancer activity against ovarian cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and gastric cancer. Alisol B 23-acetate can be used in the study of atherosclerosis and allergic asthma.
    Alisol B 23-acetate (Standard)
  • HY-N0444R
    Rubiadin (Standard)
    Rubiadin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rubiadin (HY-N0444). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rubiadin is an orally active free radical scavenger that inhibits the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Rubiadin inhibits osteoclast formation, bone resorption, lipid peroxidation, HBV DNA replication and cancer cell proliferation; reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels; induces cancer cell apoptosis; and possesses antifungal, antimalarial, antibacterial and anticonvulsant activities. Rubiadin can be used in the research of osteoporosis, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury, Alzheimer's disease, breast cancer, iron overload disorders, hepatitis B virus infection, colon cancer, liver cancer, T-lymphocytic leukemia, cervical cancer, diabetic nephropathy, epileptic seizures, fungal infections, malaria and bacterial infections.
    Rubiadin (Standard)
  • HY-130668
    Cyanidin arabinoside
    Cyanidin arabinoside is an antioxidant agent, that exhibits a Trolox (HY-101445) equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of 1.286.
    Cyanidin arabinoside
  • HY-100607AR
    Landiolol hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Landiolol (ONO1101) hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Landiolol hydrochloride (HY-100607A). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Landiolol (ONO1101) hydrochloride is a highly selective, ultra-short-acting competitive inhibitor of β1 adrenergic receptors. Landiolol hydrochloride specifically blocks cardiac β1 receptors, reducing heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption. Landiolol hydrochloride inhibits TNF-α-induced excessive mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species production in a sepsis model, alleviating renal injury. Landiolol hydrochloride has little effect on cardiac ion channels (such as L-type calcium current and inward rectifier potassium current) and has a weak negative inotropic effect. Landiolol hydrochloride can be used for perioperative tachycardia control and protection studies of sepsis-related acute kidney injury.
    Landiolol hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0612AR
    Lercanidipine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Lercanidipine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lercanidipine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lercanidipine is a third-generation, lipophilic, brain-penetrant, vascular-selective and orally active dihydropyridine-calcium channel blocker with a pIC50 of 7.74 (converts from μM). Lercanidipine has long lasting antihypertensive action as well as reno- and neuro-protective effect. Lercanidipine also shows anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Lercanidipine can be used in cardiovascular and neurological research.
    Lercanidipine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-121214
    Amisulbrom
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Amisulbrom is a sulfonamide fungicide used to control oomycete diseases. Amisulbrom inhibits the cytochrome-bc1 complex of the mitochondrial electron transport system.
    Amisulbrom
  • HY-N18470
    Gadusol
    		Inhibitor
    Gadusol is a potent, maternally supplied natural sunscreen. Gadusol is synthesized by the mother during oogenesis and stored in eggs, representing the primary sunscreen mechanism during the early developmental stages of fish. Gadusol directly prevents UVB-induced DNA damage and reduces the generation of ROS thereby avoiding cellular stress and apoptosis. Gadusol does not exert antioxidant functions in zebrafish embryos. Gadusol can be used in studies related to topical photoprotective cosmetics.
    Gadusol
  • HY-178912
    Anti-MRSA agent 39
    		Activator
    Anti-MRSA agent 39 is an orally active ClpX modulator that binds Staphylococcus aureus caseinolytic protease X (SaClpX) with high affinity (Kd = 3.6 μM). Anti-MRSA agent 39 exerts antibacterial effects through temperature-dependent inhibition of cell division. Anti-MRSA agent 39 elicits profound metabolic dysregulation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), manifesting as significantly reduced ATP levels, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased NAD+/NADH ratio, and accelerates bacterial lysis rates in MRSA ATCC 33591. Anti-MRSA agent 39 significantly increases the proportion of MRSA cells in the mitotic phase, and the cells exhibit obvious morphological abnormalities. Anti-MRSA agent 39 can be used for the study of invasive MRSA infections.
    Anti-MRSA agent 39
  • HY-175364
    Antiparasitic agent-27
    		Inducer
    Antiparasitic agent-27 (Compound 2) is a potent antiparasitic agent targeting Leishmania infantum (IC50=3.1 μM). Antiparasitic agent-27 induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to trigger programmed cell death. Antiparasitic agent-27 is promising for research of visceral leishmaniasis (VL).
    Antiparasitic agent-27
  • HY-162818
    Antibacterial agent 237
    		Activator
    Antibacterial agent 237 (compound Ru-8) is a bacteriostatic agent for Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC of 0.78-1.56 μg/mL. Antibacterial agent 237 destroys bacterial cell membranes, changes their permeability, and induces bacteria to produce Reactive Oxygen Species, leading to bacterial death without causing drug resistance. Antibacterial agent 237 has low hemolytic toxicity to rabbit red blood cells and Raw 264.7 cells, and has significant antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus in mouse skin wound infection models and Bacillus major larvae infection models.
    Antibacterial agent 237
  • HY-N12531
    Molephantin
    		Activator
    Molephantin is a blood-brain barrier permeable anti-glioblastoma compound. Molephantin induces ROS generation, leading to mitochondrial damage, Mitophagy flux blockage and Apoptosis induction. Molephantin can suppress the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Molephantin demonstrates antitumor effects against glioblastoma.
    Molephantin
  • HY-N15382
    Prebetanin
    Prebetanin (Betanin 6'-O-sulphate) is a pigment with antioxidant activities. Prebetanin can be isolated from beetroot.
    Prebetanin
  • HY-B0831R
    Buprofezin (Standard)
    		Activator
    Buprofezin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Buprofezin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Buprofezin is a broad-spectrum insecticide and chitin synthesis inhibitor that targets developmental stage coleopteran pests.Buprofezin promotes the conversion of energy metabolism from the aerobic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. Buprofezin also promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase.
    Buprofezin (Standard)
  • HY-P0119S
    Lixisenatide (Leu-13C6,15N) TFA
    		Inhibitor
    Lixisenatide (Leu-13C6,15N) TFA is the 13C- and 15N-labeled Lixisenatide (HY-P0119). Lixisenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Lixisenatide inhibits the inflammatory response through down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and suppresses of the Akt-MEK1/2 signaling pathway. Lixisenatide can inhibit oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Lixisenatide can be used for the researches of inflammation, metabolic disease, neurological disease and cardiovascular disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis.
    Lixisenatide (Leu-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N) TFA
  • HY-127022A
    Anisodine hydrobromide
    		Inhibitor
    Anisodine (Daturamine) hydrobromide is a neuroprotective compound that reduces exacerbated M1, M2, M4, and M5 receptor expression in brain tissues under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions. Anisodine hydrobromide inhibits calcium ion influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS)levels. Anisodine hydrobromide leads to decreased aspartate levels during hypoxia.
    Anisodine hydrobromide
  • HY-121214R
    Amisulbrom (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Amisulbrom (Standard) is the analytical standard of Amisulbrom (HY-121214). Amisulbrom is a fungicide. Amisulbrom can inhibit the cytochrome-bc1 complex of the mitochondrial electron and induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Amisulbrom can induce cell apoptosis, ROS production and cause G2/M phase arrest. Amisulbrom shows cardiovascular toxicity to zebrafish. Amisulbrom can be used for the researches of infection and cardiovascular disease.
    Amisulbrom (Standard)
Art. -Nr. Produktname / Synonyms Application Reactivity