2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-163301
    Antitumor agent-139
    		Inducer
    Antitumor agent-139 (compound 9b) is a liver - and mitochondria-targeting gold(I) complexe, and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and facilitates DNA excretion. Antitumor agent-139 inhibits tumor growth in a patient-derived xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Antitumor agent-139
  • HY-N0232R
    Psoralidin (Standard)
    		Activator
    Psoralidin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Psoralidin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Psoralidin is a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation.Anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Psoralidin significantly downregulates NOTCH1 signaling. Psoralidin also greatly induces ROS generation.
    Psoralidin (Standard)
  • HY-N7059R
    Lactobionic acid (Standard)
    Lactobionic acid (Standard) is an analytical standard for lactobionic acid. This product is intended for use in research and analytical applications. Lactobionic acid is a bionic acid that can be naturally found in the Caspian Sea yogurt and chemically constituted of a gluconic acid bonded to a galactose. Lactobionic acid has antioxidant, antimicrobial, chelating, stabilizer, acidulant, and moisturizing properties. Lactobionic acid can be obtained by electrolytic methods, microbial fermentation or biocatalytic approaches. Lactobionic acid can be used in foodstuffs, to produce new functional products and against food-borne pathogens. Lactobionic acid inhibits DNA repair and protein synthesis, induction of oxidative stress and inhibition of metabolic pathways against MRSA.
    Lactobionic acid (Standard)
  • HY-175542
    KB-15
    		Inducer
    KB-15 is a STAT3 inhibitor. KB-15 exhibits potent anti-proliferative activity against AGS gastric cancer cells (IC50 = 0.29 μM) and BGC-823 gastric cancer cells (IC50 = 0.65 μM). KB-15 exerts anti-tumor effects by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, downregulating HO-1 expression, and promoting intracellular ROS accumulation. KB-15 induces G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, as well as suppresses colony formation and migration of gastric cancer cells. KB-15 demonstrates excellent anti-tumor efficacy in BGC-823 subcutaneous xenograft model. KB-15 can be used for the study of gastric cancer.
    KB-15
  • HY-183797
    Antitumor agent-218
    		Activator
    Antitumor agent-218 is an aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-based photosensitizer. Antitumor agent-218 selectively accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum, and generates ROS within the endoplasmic reticulum upon irradiation to induce necroptosis of tumor cells. Antitumor agent-218 can be used in cancer-related research.
    Antitumor agent-218
  • HY-183262
    Antileishmanial agent-40
    		Inducer
    Antileishmanial agent-40 is an orally active and selective antileishmanial agent. Antileishmanial agent-40 elevates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Antileishmanial agent-40 induces cell cycle arrest at the sub-G0/G1 phase in Leishmania donovani promastigotes, indicative of programmed-like parasite death. Antileishmanial agent-40 can be used for the research of leishmaniasis.
    Antileishmanial agent-40
  • HY-N19669
    27-Hydroxyisomangiferolic acid
    		Inhibitor
    27-Hydroxyisomangiferolic acid, a cycloartane-type triterpene found in Indonesian propolis from East Java, acts as a weak scavenger with low free radical scavenging activity against DPPH (HY-112053) radicals. can be used for research on inflammation, heart disease, diabetes and cancer.
    27-Hydroxyisomangiferolic acid
  • HY-182266
    FBP
    		Activator
    FBP is a mitochondria-targeted, selective anticancer agent. FBP induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to Apoptosis. FBP generates ROS and causes double-strand DNA breaks in cancer cells. FBP exhibits cytotoxic efficacy against cancer cells, with cervical cancer cells being the most sensitive. FBP can be used for the research of cervical cancer, lung cancer, melanoma and breast cancer.
    FBP
  • HY-157292
    2E-3-F16
    2E-3-F16 is a anticancer agent. 2E-3-F16 exhibits tumor cell selectivity between NCI-H446 cancer cells and HBE cells. 2E-3-F16 enhances the sensitivity of A549 cells to Cisplatin (HY-17394).
    2E-3-F16
  • HY-151431
    Nrf2/HO-1 activator 2
    		Inhibitor
    Nrf2/HO-1 activator 2 (compound 13m), difluoro-substituted derivative, is a potent Nrf2/HO-1 activator. Nrf2/HO-1 activator 2 has neuroprotective and antioxidant effects through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway mediated by phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, or Akt in PC12 cells. Nrf2/HO-1 activator 2 can be used in the research of Parkinson's disease (PD).
    Nrf2/HO-1 activator 2
  • HY-182360
    Cytisine-platinum(IV) prodrug-1
    Cytisine-Platinum(IV) Prodrug-1 is a Pt(IV) prodrug incorporating the natural compound Cytisine (HY-N0175) with antiproliferative activity against tumor cells. Cytisine-Platinum(IV) Prodrug-1 promotes calcium transfer across the IP3R1-GRP75-VDAC1 axis to drive mitochondrial calcium overload. Cytisine-Platinum(IV) Prodrug-1 initiates unfolded protein response via PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP to modulate Bcl-2 and Bax, triggering apoptosis. Cytisine-Platinum(IV) Prodrug-1 induces mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production, reduced ATP synthesis, DNA damage, and S-phase cell cycle arrest. Cytisine-Platinum(IV) Prodrug-1 activates the cGAS-STING pathway, reduces PD-L1 expression, drives immunogenic cell death. Cytisine-Platinum(IV) Prodrug-1 exhibits high physiological stability, efficient cellular accumulation, and enhanced platinum-DNA binding, and inhibits tumor growth in mouse models with reduced systemic toxicity. Cytisine-Platinum(IV) Prodrug-1 can be used for the research of lung cancer.
    Cytisine-platinum(IV) prodrug-1
  • HY-170313
    GLUT-1-IN-4
    		Inducer
    GLUT-1-IN-4 (Compound 13) is the p53 protein-dependent inhibitor for GLUT-1 glucose transporter. GLUT-1-IN-4 inhibits the proliferation of multiple cancer cells with IC50 in submicromolar levels. GLUT-1-IN-4 arrests the cell cycle, stimulates oxidative stress, and induces apoptosis.
    GLUT-1-IN-4
  • HY-P5318
    MDYYFEER
    		Inhibitor
    MDYYFEER is an antioxidant active peptide that can be isolated from pancreatin hydrolysate of C-phycocyanin. MDYYFEER has high DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability. MDYYFEER protects zebrafish larvae from H2O2-induced oxidative damage.
    MDYYFEER
  • HY-113298R
    Citraconic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Citraconic acid (Methylmaleic acid) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Citraconic acid (HY-113298). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Citraconic acid is an orally active inhibitor targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Citraconic acid reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Citraconic acid also modifies the conformation of Keap1 protein, relieves its inhibition of Nrf2, promotes antioxidant gene expression, and inhibits NLRP3 activation and the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18. Citraconic acid has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, can reduce oxidative stress and cell pyroptosis, improve tissue damage, and can be used for the research of inflammation-related diseases such as acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Citraconic acid is an isomer of Itaconic acid (HY-Y052).
    Citraconic acid (Standard)
  • HY-N0809R
    Sesamolin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Sesamolin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sesamolin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sesamolin, isolated from Sesamum indicum, has antioxidative activity, Sesaminol inhibits lipid peroxidation and shows neuroprotection effect. Sesamolin potently inhibits MAPK cascades by preventing phosphorylation of JNK, p38 MAPKs, and caspase-3 but not ERK-MAPK expression.
    Sesamolin (Standard)
  • HY-N0295R
    Protocatechualdehyde (Standard)
    Protocatechualdehyde (Standard) is the analytical standard of Protocatechualdehyde. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Protocatechualdehyde (Catechaldehyde), a natural polyphenol compound isolated from the roots of radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, is associated with a wide variety of biological activities and has been widely used in medicine as an antioxidant, anti-aging, an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent.
    Protocatechualdehyde (Standard)
  • HY-144697
    p38 MAPK-IN-3
    		Inducer
    p38 MAPK-IN-3 (Compound 2c) is a p38α MAPK inhibitor. p38 MAPK-IN-3 has antitumor activities and induces apoptosis and ROS.
    p38 MAPK-IN-3
  • HY-N18131
    Farobin B
    Farobin B (compound 2) is a flavonoid glycoside antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species and exhibits activity in the ORAC assay. Farobin B is found in the leaves of Fargesia robusta 'Pingwu'.
    Farobin B
  • HY-158368
    PRDX1-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    PRDX1-IN-2 (compound 15) is a selective inhibitor of the antioxidant enzyme Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) (IC50=0.35 μM). PRDX1-IN-2 decreases the mitochondria membrane potential of SW620 cells, probably due to ROS induced by PRDX1 inhibition, leading to cell apoptosis. PRDX1-IN-2 can be used for colorectal cancer research.
    PRDX1-IN-2
  • HY-N15536
    N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
    		Inhibitor
    N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a phenolic amide glycoside compound found in Suaeda japonica. N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside exhibits antioxidant activity, capable of effectively scavenging DPPH free radicals and reducing the production of ROS induced by H2O2 in cells, thus protecting cells from oxidative stress damage. N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is promising for research of cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.
    N-trans-Feruloyltyramine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity