2. Immunology/Inflammation NF-κB Metabolic Enzyme/Protease Apoptosis
  3. COX Reactive Oxygen Species Apoptosis Ferroptosis Endogenous Metabolite
  4. Gallic acid

Gallic acid  (Synonyms: 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid)

Cat. No.: HY-N0523 Purity: 99.83%
COA Handling Instructions

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Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Gallic acid has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Gallic acid Chemical Structure

Gallic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 149-91-7

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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
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Based on 6 publication(s) in Google Scholar

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Gallic acid Related Antibodies

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  • Biological Activity

  • Protocol

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Gallic acid (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural polyhydroxyphenolic compound and an free radical scavenger to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)[1]. Gallic acid has various activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticance activities[2].

IC50 & Target[1]

COX-2

 

Microbial Metabolite

 

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

In Vitro

Gallic acid is an antioxidant which can inhibit both COX-2[1]. After 18 h treatment with Gallic acid, the number of viable neutrophils is dramatically decreased from 40.3% to 27.7%, highly comparable with 26.4% for untreated neutrophils. Gallic acid fails to attenuate isoproterenol-induced myocytolysis[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Gallic acid Related Antibodies
In Vivo

The food intake (2.6±0.08 g/day, p=0.69) and the body weight (2.5±0.69 g, p=0.76) of the Gallic acid group do not differ significantly from those of the control group (food intake; 2.41±0.14 g/day and the body weight; 2.83±0.84 g/day). The blood glucose tolerance in the Gallic acid group is significantly improved after 2 weeks of treatment. The blood glucose tolerance of the Gallic acid group after a treatment period of 2 weeks is also significantly better than that of the control group at 90 and 120 min ( p<0.05). The serum triglyceride concentration in the Gallic acid group (0.67±0.03 mM, p<0.05) is significantly reduced relative to that of the control group (1.08±0.20 mM). The total cholesterol concentration is similar in the control (3.19±0.27 mM) and Gallic acid (3.01±0.18 mM) groups[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Molecular Weight

170.12

Formula

C7H6O5
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

O=C(O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 6 months
-20°C 1 month
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (587.82 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H2O : 8.33 mg/mL (48.97 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 5.8782 mL 29.3910 mL 58.7820 mL
5 mM 1.1756 mL 5.8782 mL 11.7564 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
×
Volume
×
Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.70 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.70 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  Corn Oil

    Solubility: 20 mg/mL (117.56 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
%
DMSO +
% 
+
%
Tween-80 +
%
Saline
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
 If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.83%

COA (250 KB) LCMS (101 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Cell Assay
[3]

Neutrophils are treated with 8 μg/mL Gallic acid in RPMI1640/10% FBS for 3, 6, 9, and 18 h. At the end of Gallic acid treatment, the cells are stained with Annexin V-FITC and PI according to manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, the cells are washed twice with ice-cold PBS and resuspended in 1× Binding Buffer at a concentration of 1×106 cells/mL. Cell suspensions (1×105 cells in 100 μL) are incubated with 5 μL of Annexin V-FITC and 10 μL PI in a 5 mL culture tube at room temperature for 20 min. The stained cells are immediately analyzed on flow cytometry system[3].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Animal Administration
[2]

Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice are used in this study. The animals are maintained in a temperature-controlled room at 22° C on a 12 h light-dark photocycle. The mice are divided into the control vehicle group and the Gallic acid group. For 2 weeks, the mice are administered intraperitoneal treatment on a daily basis with vehicle (10% alcohol, 10% tween 80, and 80% saline) alone or with 10 mg/kg Gallic acid. After this treatment, GTTs are again conducted, and the blood samples are taken for subsequent biochemical analysis. Over the experimental period, food intake and body weight are measured on a daily basis[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
H2O / DMSO 1 mM 5.8782 mL 29.3910 mL 58.7820 mL 146.9551 mL
5 mM 1.1756 mL 5.8782 mL 11.7564 mL 29.3910 mL
10 mM 0.5878 mL 2.9391 mL 5.8782 mL 14.6955 mL
15 mM 0.3919 mL 1.9594 mL 3.9188 mL 9.7970 mL
20 mM 0.2939 mL 1.4696 mL 2.9391 mL 7.3478 mL
25 mM 0.2351 mL 1.1756 mL 2.3513 mL 5.8782 mL
30 mM 0.1959 mL 0.9797 mL 1.9594 mL 4.8985 mL
40 mM 0.1470 mL 0.7348 mL 1.4696 mL 3.6739 mL
DMSO 50 mM 0.1176 mL 0.5878 mL 1.1756 mL 2.9391 mL
60 mM 0.0980 mL 0.4899 mL 0.9797 mL 2.4493 mL
80 mM 0.0735 mL 0.3674 mL 0.7348 mL 1.8369 mL
100 mM 0.0588 mL 0.2939 mL 0.5878 mL 1.4696 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Gallic acid Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Gallic acid149-91-73,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acidCOXReactive Oxygen SpeciesApoptosisFerroptosisEndogenous MetaboliteCyclooxygenaseInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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