Flavonoids

Rotenone is a mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I inhibitor. Rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.

Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC₅₀ of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively.

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol in green tea, which can inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase 1/2 (GDH1/2, GLUD1/2) activity. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate has a potent anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties against various types of cancers such as colorectal cancer, myeloid leukemia, thyroid carcinoma.

Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells.

Kaempferol (Kempferol), a flavonoid found in many edible plants, inhibits estrogen receptor α expression in breast cancer cells and induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells and lung cancer cells by activation of MEK-MAPK. Kaempferol can be uesd for the research of breast cancer.

Euchrenone B1 is a flavonoid. Euchrenone B1 can be isolated from the stem bark of Maackia amurensis and the roots of Euchresta formosana. Euchrenone B1 exhibits anticancer activity against cervical cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, and liver cancer.

LL-D253g is a chromanone (phomoxanthone derivative) isolated from the coral symbiotic fungus Parengyodontium album sp. SCSIO 40430, and it shows no activity against bacteria.

Rhamnazin 3-O-rutinoside (Polygalacin) is a flavonoid compound. Rhamnazin 3-O-rutinoside can be extracted from Areca catechu L. Rhamnazin 3-O-rutinoside shows no significant inhibitory effect on recombinant hPTP1B, with an IC₅₀ > 100 μM. Rhamnazin 3-O-rutinoside reduces Apoptotic cell death. Rhamnazin 3-O-rutinoside possesses cellular antioxidant activity and alleviates H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. Rhamnazin 3-O-rutinoside lacks free radical scavenging activity. Rhamnazin 3-O-rutinoside can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases.

Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR) inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis.

Baicalin, as a flavonoid glycoside, is an allosteric carnitine palmityl transferase 1 (CPT1) activator. Baicalin reduces the expression of NF-κB.

Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a K_i of 2 μM.

Baicalein (5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 3.12 μM.

Fisetin is a natural flavonol found in many fruits and vegetables with various benefits, such as antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotection effects.

Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin is also a CBR1 inhibitor, which can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.

Puerarin is an isoflavone extracted from Pueraria root and is a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Puerarin inhibits the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV)-vagus nerve pathway, which in turn leads to decreased fat absorption.

Formononetin is a potent FGFR2 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of ~4.31 μM. Formononetin potently inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth.

Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity.

Icariin is a flavonol glycoside. Icariin inhibits PDE5 and PDE4 activities with IC₅₀s of 432 nM and 73.50 μM, respectively. Icariin also is a PPARα activator.

Myricetin is a common plant-derived flavonoid with a wide range of activities including strong anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Hesperidin (Hesperetin 7-rutinoside), a flavanone glycoside, is isolated from citrus fruits. Hesperidin has numerous biological properties, such as decreasing inflammatory mediators and exerting significant antioxidant effects. Hesperidin also exhibits antitumor and antiallergic activities.