2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-112671
    CDDO-dhTFEA
    		Inhibitor 99.64%
    CDDO-dhTFEA (RTA dh404) is a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid compound which potently activates Nrf2 and inhibits the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. CDDO-dhTFEA restores hypertension (MAP), increases Nrf2 and expression of its target genes, attenuates activation of NF-κB and transforming growth factor-β pathways, and reduces glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and inflammation in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) rats.
    CDDO-dhTFEA
  • HY-N4183
    Licoflavone C
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Licoflavone C is a broad-spectrum antiviral inhibitor with estrogen-like properties. Licoflavone C binds to viral endonuclease (CEN) and inhibits the replication of various bunyaviruses including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in a non-substrate competitive manner. The IC50 values of Licoflavone C against SFTSV CEN and SFTSV CEN are 35.5 μM and 135.8 μM, respectively, and its Kd value against SFTSV CEN is 9.53 μM. After viral entry into cells, Licoflavone C reduces viral loads in mouse tissues in a dose-dependent manner, and exhibits extremely low cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Licoflavone C induces apoptosis by increasing caspase 3/7 activity, blocks the cell cycle, and alleviates chemotherapy-induced chromosomal damage. Licoflavone C is applicable to the research on severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and related viral infection mechanisms.
    Licoflavone C
  • HY-139637
    (±)-Silybin
    		Inducer 99.40%
    (±)-Silybin is the racemate of Silybin (HY-N0779A). Silybin induces apoptosis and exhibits hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activity.
    (±)-Silybin
  • HY-B1885
    Fenitrothion
    		Inducer 99.43%
    Fenitrothion is a broad-spectrum and orally active insecticide/acaricide. Fenitrothion inhibits cholinesterase, AMPKα and IRS1/PI3K/AKT. Fenitrothion causes Apoptosis, reduces SOD activity. Fenitrothion shows insecticidal effect against Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum adults. Fenitrothion is widely used in cotton crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops and field crops, especially rice. Fenitrothion can be used for brain and spleen toxicology studies.
    Fenitrothion
  • HY-N6002
    3'-Hydroxypterostilbene
    		Inducer 99.89%
    3'-Hydroxypterostilbene is a Pterostilbene (HY-N0828) analogue. 3'-Hydroxypterostilbene inhibits the growth of COLO 205, HCT-116 and HT-29 cells with IC50s of 9.0, 40.2 and 70.9 μM, respectively. 3'-Hydroxypterostilbene significantly down-regulates PI3K/Akt and MAPKs signaling pathways and effectively inhibits the growth of human colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. 3'-Hydroxypterostilbene can be used for the research of cancer.
    3'-Hydroxypterostilbene
  • HY-138301
    Miclxin
    		Inducer 98.12%
    Miclxin (DS37262926) is a potent inhibitor of mutant β-catenin, involving in Wnt signaling pathway. Miclxin induces β-catenin-dependent apoptosis, leads to severe mitochondrial damage with the loss of mitochondrial membrane. Miclxin kills tumor via targeting to MIC60, a major components of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex.
    Miclxin
  • HY-W014423S4
    L-Histidine-d5 hydrochloride hydrate
    		Inducer 99.96%
    L-Histidine-d5 hydrochloride hydrate is the deuterium labeled L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate (HY-W014423). L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is an endogenous metabolite. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate scavenges hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, regulate the absorption of zinc, copper and iron, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. L-Histidine hydrochloride hydrate is blood brain barrier penetrable.
    L-Histidine-d<sub>5</sub> hydrochloride hydrate
  • HY-W046353
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde
    		Inducer 98.95%
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde) is a natural compound that can be isolated from Cinnamomum cassia. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibits topoisomerase-I/II and NF-κB signaling pathway, causes mitochondrial dysfunction, induces lysosomal vesiculation, thereby leading to DNA damage and cell apoptosis. 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde exhibits antitumor effects.
    2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde
  • HY-N6951
    Guaiazulene
    		Inducer 99.26%
    Guaiazulene is a bicyclic sesquiterpene. Guaiazulene exhibits various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and anti-tumor properties. Guaiazulene is also commonly used as a colorant in cosmetics. Guaiazulene shows in vitro cytotoxicity to rat neuronal cells and N2a neuroblastoma cells at high concentrations.
    Guaiazulene
  • HY-N2099
    Onjisaponin B
    		Inhibitor 99.31%
    Onjisaponin B is an orally active natural product derived from Polygala tenuifolia. Onjisaponin B inhibits NF-κB p65. Onjisaponin B enhances autophagy and accelerates the degradation of mutant α-synuclein and huntingtin. Onjisaponin B reduces β-amyloid (Aβ) production. Onjisaponin B reduces radiation-induced cell apoptosis. Onjisaponin B has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Onjisaponin B can be used for neurological disease and radiation injury study, and its metabolite tenuifolin (TF) can enter the brain through the BBB.
    Onjisaponin B
  • HY-160506
    PRO-6E
    		Inducer 99.10%
    PRO-6E is an oral active PROTAC based on Cereblon ligand, and induces the degradation of MET with maximum degradation of 81.9% at 1 μM in MKN-45 cells. PRO-6E inhibits tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. PRO-6E induces cell apoptosis and induces cell arrest (Sturcture Note:(Blue: Cereblon ligand (HY-103596), Black: linker；Pink: ALK/c-Met inhibitor Crizotinib (HY-50878)).
    PRO-6E
  • HY-112732
    Sparfosic acid
    		Inducer 99.33%
    Sparfosic acid, a DNA antimetabolite agent, is a potent inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamoyl transferase, the enzyme catalyzing the second step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Sparfosic acid synergistically enhances the cytotoxicity of a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and interferon-alpha (IFN) against human colon cancer cell lines.
    Sparfosic acid
  • HY-P10285
    d-KLA Peptide
    		Inducer 99.33%
    d-KLA Peptide (D-(KLAKLAK)2), KLA peptide (HY-P5345) isomer, is a pro-apoptosis peptide. d-KLA Peptide can specifically target mitochondria and induce apoptosis by destroying the mitochondrial membrane. d-KLA Peptide increases caspase 3/7 activity, exerts proapoptotic activity and enhances antitumor efficacy in mouse melanoma models.
    d-KLA Peptide
  • HY-W089835
    Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate
    		Activator
    Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate is a bile salt-related anionic detergent. Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate is formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with Taurine (HY-B0351). Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate is used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. Taurodeoxycholate-d6 (TDCA) exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
    Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate
  • HY-B0617S2
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine-13C dihydrochloride
    		Inducer
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine-13C (S-Adenosyl methionine-13C) dihydrochloride is the 13C labeled S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (HY-B0617). S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (S-Adenosyl methionine) is an orally active methyl group donor. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine is a dietary supplement with potent antidepressant effects. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine also has anti‑proliferative, pro‑apoptotic and anti‑metastatic roles in cancers. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine has the potential for, cancer, liver disease and osteoarthritis research.
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine-<sup>13</sup>C dihydrochloride
  • HY-N5106
    (E)-Flavokawain A
    		Inducer 99.53%
    (E)-Flavokawain A, a chalcone extracted from Kava, has anticarcinogenic effect. (E)-Flavokawain A induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by involvement of bax protein-dependent and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppresses tumor growth in mice.
    (E)-Flavokawain A
  • HY-10261B
    (E/Z)-Afatinib
    		Inducer 99.98%
    (E/Z)-Afatinib ((E/Z)-BIBW 2992) is the mixture of (E)-Afatinib and (Z)-Afatinib. Afatinib (HY-10261) is an irreversible inhibitor of EGFR, by irreversibly binding to their ATP binding site to block activation of EGFR, HER2, HER4, and EGFRvIII. Afatinib used in co-administration with Temozolomide (HY-17364), potently targeting to EGFRvIII-cMet signaling in glioblastoma cells.
    (E/Z)-Afatinib
  • HY-B0993
    Mangafodipir trisodium
    		Inhibitor 99.68%
    Mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP), hepatocellular-specific contrast agent, is an efficacious inhibitor of CIPN (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropath) and other conditions caused by cellular oxidative stress. Mangafodipir trisodium shows no negative interference with the tumoricidal activity of chemotherapy.
    Mangafodipir trisodium
  • HY-N0898R
    Catechin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Catechin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Catechin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Catechin ((+)-Catechin) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 1.4 μM.
    Catechin (Standard)
  • HY-N0150R
    Monensin sodium (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Monensin (sodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Monensin (sodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Monensin (Monensin A) sodium, an orally active antibiotic, is an ionophore that mediates Na+/H+ exchange. Monensin sodium is a potent Wnt signaling inhibitor. Monensin sodium causes a marked enlargement of the multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and regulates exosome secretion. Monensin sodium can be used for bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections research, and shows anticancer effects.
    Monensin sodium (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity