2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-182324
    TrxR2-IN-1
    		Inducer
    TrxR2-IN-1 is a thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.83 μM. TrxR2-IN-1 accumulates in mitochondria, impairs mitochondrial function and membrane potential, increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, activates ASK1-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis (apoptosis), induces G2/M cell cycle arrest, and inhibits cancer cell migration. TrxR2-IN-1 can be used in the research of hepatocellular carcinoma.
    TrxR2-IN-1
  • HY-149371
    HDAC6-IN-16
    		Inducer
    HDAC6-IN-16 (compound 5c) is a histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor, based on Quinazolin-4(3H)-One. HDAC6-IN-16 exhibits anticancer effect, inhibits colony-forming. And HDAC6-IN-16 arrests cell cycle at G2 phase and induces apoptosis.
    HDAC6-IN-16
  • HY-183105
    DC551040
    		Inducer
    DC551040 is an orally active and selective lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor with a human IC50 of 2.14 nM. DC551040 binds to LSD1 via π-π stacking with Trp552, polar interactions with Phe538, and covalent adduct formation with FAD, and disrupts the LSD1-GFI1B-CoREST complex. DC551040 induces H3K4me2 accumulation, apoptosis, and cell differentiation, activates STAT5, NF-κB, AKT, and IL6-STAT3 pathways, and upregulates IL6 expression. DC551040 can be used for the research of acute myeloid leukemia.
    DC551040
  • HY-W711035
    Picolinafen
    		Inducer
    Picolinafen is a pyridine-class herbicide that acts as a phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitor. Picolinafen effectively controls broadleaf weeds and disrupts carotenoid biosynthesis. Picolinafen exhibits cytotoxicity to porcine trophectoderm (pTr) and luminal epithelial (pLE) cells. Picolinafen induces (ROS accumulation, calcium depletion, and activates (MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways, leading to decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, impaired migration, and altered expression of implantation-related genes. Picolinafen has an LD50 value of 2.7 mg/kg in mammals and 7 μg/L in fish. Picolinafen exhibits toxic effects during zebrafish embryogenesis[1][2].
    Picolinafen
  • HY-175018
    VEGFR-2-IN-71
    		Inducer
    VEGFR-2-IN-71 is a dual VEGFR2/tubulin inhibitor. VEGFR-2-IN-71 inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. VEGFR-2-IN-71 inhibits angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. VEGFR-2-IN-71 inhibits tumor growth in the HGC-27 xenograft model by inhibiting VEGFR2 and tubulin. VEGFR-2-IN-71 has low oral bioavailability in rats. VEGFR-2-IN-71 can be used in cancer research.
    VEGFR-2-IN-71
  • HY-N11600
    β-Apopicropodophyllin
    		Inducer
    β-Apopicropodophyllin is a nature product that could be isolated from Hyptis wticillata.β-Apopicropodophyllin induces apoptosis by inducing microtubule disruption, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and ER stress. β-Apopicropodophyllin can be used in research of cancer.
    β-Apopicropodophyllin
  • HY-10025
    (S)-SW IV-52 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    (S)-SW IV-52 hydrochloride is a small molecule that can induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer. (S)-SW IV-52 hydrochloride has minimal single-agent activity at concentrations up to 200 μM.
    (S)-SW IV-52 hydrochloride
  • HY-Y0152A
    Cinchonine monohydrochloride hydrate
    		Inducer
    Cinchonine ((8R,9S)-Cinchonine) monohydrochloride hydrate is a natural compound which has been effectively used as antimalarial agent. Cinchonine monohydrochloride hydrate activates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cells. Cinchonine monohydrochloride hydrate is also an inhibitor of human platelet aggregation. Cinchonine monohydrochloride hydrate possesses a suppressive effect on adipogenesis.
    Cinchonine monohydrochloride hydrate
  • HY-172368
    PROTAC CARM1/IKZF3 degrader-1
    		Inducer
    PROTAC CARM1/IKZF3 degrader-1 (Compound 074) inhibits CARM1, reduces the methylation level of its substrate BAF155. PROTAC CARM1/IKZF3 degrader-1 is the PROTAC degrader for IKZF 1/3 through a CRBN-dependent pathway. PROTAC CARM1/IKZF3 degrader-1 inhibits the expression of MYC protein, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of a variety of multiple myeloma cells. PROTAC CARM1/IKZF3 degrader-1 induces apoptosis in cell H929. PROTAC CARM1/IKZF3 degrader-1 overcomes immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD, such as pomalidomide) resistance. PROTAC CARM1/IKZF3 degrader-1 can be used in cancer and immunology research. (Pink: ligand for target protein CARM1/IKZF3 ligand 1 (HY-172369); Active form of target protein ligand: EZM 2302 (HY-111109); Black: linker (HY-21999); Blue: ligand for E3 ligase Cereblon Thalidomide 4-fluoride (HY-41547))
    PROTAC CARM1/IKZF3 degrader-1
  • HY-143266
    Topoisomerase I inhibitor 3
    		Inducer
    Topoisomerase I inhibitor 3 (Compound ZML-14) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor and can interact with topoisomerase I-DNA complex. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 3 induces HepG2 cell apoptosis and arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase.
    Topoisomerase I inhibitor 3
  • HY-N16535
    Stigmalactam
    		Inducer
    Stigmalactam is an aristolactam-type alkaloid extracted from Orophea enterocarpa with anticancer effects. Stigmalactam induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, with the activation of caspase-3/9, and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MTP). Stigmalactam exhibits antioxidant activity by decreasing ROS production. Stigmalactam can be used for liver and breast cancer research.
    Stigmalactam
  • HY-146540
    GEM-5
    		Inducer
    GEM-5 is a gemcitabine-based conjugate containing a HIF-1α inhibitor (YC-1) (IC50=30 nM). GEM-5 can significantly down-regulate the expression of HIF-1α and up-regulate the expression of tumor suppressor p53. GEM-5 induces the apoptosis of A2780 cells and inhibits tumor growth.
    GEM-5
  • HY-N0415S1
    Trigonelline-d3-1 chloride
    Trigonelline-d3-1 chloride (Trigonelline-d3-1 hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Trigonelline chloride (HY-N0415). Trigonelline chloride is an alkaloid with potential antidiabetic activity that can be isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum L or Leonurus artemisia. Trigonelline chloride is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor that blocks Nrf2-dependent proteasome activity, thereby enhancing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Trigonelline chloride also has anti-HSV-1, antibacterial, and antifungal activity, and induces ferroptosis.
    Trigonelline-d<sub>3</sub>-1 chloride
  • HY-W714183
    Dinitramine
    		Inducer
    Dinitramine is a herbicide. Dinitramine activates the Erk/P38/JNK/MAPK pathway and inactivates the PI3k/Akt pathway in testicular cells. Dinitramine induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, apoptosis, and downregulated expression of cell cycle genes in testicular cells. Dinitramine reduces the viability and proliferation capacity of testicular cells, and inhibits cell division by suppressing the synthesis of tubulin. Dinitramine induces abnormal heart development, inhibited angiogenesis, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and impaired embryonic growth in zebrafish embryos.
    Dinitramine
  • HY-182044
    MRTX849-amide-C4-(o)-carborane
    		Inducer
    MRTX849-amide-C4-(o)-carborane is a KRASG12C inhibitor with mutation selectivity for cells expressing KRASG12C. MRTX849-amide-C4-(o)-carborane shows low intrinsic cytotoxicity in cancer cells. MRTX849-amide-C4-(o)-carborane covalently binds to Cys12 of KRASG12C, recruits Hsp70, promotes ubiquitination, and induces proteasome-dependent degradation of the target protein. MRTX849-amide-C4-(o)-carborane inhibits the activity of the downstream ERK signaling pathway and induces apoptosis signaling in cancer cells. MRTX849-amide-C4-(o)-carborane is applicable for the research of KRASG12C-positive cancers.
    MRTX849-amide-C4-(o)-carborane
  • HY-163692
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-64
    		Inducer
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-64 (Compound 8a) is an inhibitor for tubulin polymerization by occupying the colchicine binding site of tubulin, with IC50 of 6.9 μM. Tubulin polymerization-IN-64 inhibits proliferations of cancer cells A549, HeLa, HCT116 and HT-29, with IC50s of 2.42, 10.33, 6.28, 5.33 μM, respectively. Tubulin polymerization-IN-64 arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase, induces apoptosis in A549.
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-64
  • HY-17412AS
    Minocycline-d6
    		Inducer
    Minocycline-d6 is deuterium labeled Minocycline (HY-17412A). Minocycline is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect.
    Minocycline-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-179103
    PLK4-IN-5
    		Inducer
    PLK4-IN-5 (compound 5f) is a PLK4 (IC50 = 0.8 nM) inhibitor. PLK4-IN-5 can inhibit MCF-7 cell clone formation, induce cell cycle arrest (S/G2 phase), and apoptosis. PLK4-IN-5 has anti proliferative activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 0.48 μM). PLK4-IN-5 can be used in the research of cancer such as breast cancer.
    PLK4-IN-5
  • HY-156165
    Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG3-NH2 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG3-NH2 hydrochloride is a Thalidomide (HY-14658)-based cereblon ligand that recruits CRBN proteins. Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG3-NH2 hydrochloride can be connected to the target protein ligand through a linker to form a PROTAC molecule. For example, THAL-SNS-032 (HY-123937).
    Thalidomide-5-NH-PEG3-NH2 hydrochloride
  • HY-135746S
    OR-1896-d3
    OR-1896-d3 is the deuterium labeled OR-1896 (HY-135746). OR-1896 is an active long-lived metabolite of Levosimendan. OR-1896 is a highly selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) III isoform inhibitor and a powerful vasodilator. OR-1896 can open ATP-sensitive K+ channels and has Ca2+-sensitizing effect. OR-1896 mitigates cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac remodeling and myocardial inflammation.
    OR-1896-d<sub>3</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity