2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

Related Products

PDF 8.06 MB

Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. 상품명 효과 Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13735B
    Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate
    		Inhibitor 98.18%
    Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate (Mepacrine hydrochloride hydrate) is an antimalarial agent, which possess anticancer effect both in vitro and vivo. Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate suppresses NF-κB and activates p53 signaling, which results in the induction of the apoptosis.
    Quinacrine hydrochloride hydrate
  • HY-117025A
    Manzamine A hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.66%
    Manzamine A hydrochloride, an orally active beta-carboline alkaloid, inhibits specifically GSK-3β and CDK-5 with IC50s of 10.2 μM and 1.5 μM, respectively. Manzamine A hydrochloride targets vacuolar ATPases and inhibits autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. Manzamine A hydrochloride has antimalarial and anticancer activities. Manzamine A hydrochloride also shows potent activity against HSV-1.
    Manzamine A hydrochloride
  • HY-17506S
    Azithromycin-d3
    		Inhibitor 99.7%
    Azithromycin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Azithromycin. Azithromycin (CP-62993) is a macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
    Azithromycin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-112818
    S130
    		Inhibitor 99.43%
    S130 is a high affinity, selective inhibitor of ATG4B (a major cysteine protease) with an IC50 of 3.24 µM. S130 suppresses autophagy flux.
    S130
  • HY-114293S
    Acetyl coenzyme A-13C2 lithium
    		Inhibitor
    Acetyl coenzyme A-13C2 lithium is the 13C-labeled Acetyl coenzyme A (HY-114293). Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.
    Acetyl coenzyme A-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub> lithium
  • HY-112897
    IITZ-01
    		Inhibitor 98.18%
    IITZ-01 is a potent lysosomotropic autophagy inhibitor with single-agent antitumor activity, with an IC50 of 2.62 μM for PI3Kγ.
    IITZ-01
  • HY-17508R
    Clarithromycin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Clarithromycin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Clarithromycin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Clarithromycin has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Clarithromycin inhibits the CYP3A4-catalyzed triazolam alpha-hydroxylation with the IC50 (Ki) value of 56 (43) μM. Clarithromycin significantly inhibits the HERG potassium current.Clarithromycin affects the autophagic flux by impairing the signaling pathway linking hERG1 and PI3K.
    Clarithromycin (Standard)
  • HY-N0568R
    Madecassoside (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Madecassoside (Standard) is the analytical standard of Madecassoside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Madecassoside is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asiatica and has anti-inflammatory properties. Antioxidant and anti-aging effects. Madecassoside is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asiatica. Madecassoside is orally active and has inhibitory properties against inflammation, oxidation, apoptosis and autophagy. Madecassosid inhibits activities of p38 MAPK and NF-kB, exhibits an anti-apopototic property, activates Nrf2 expression to reduce the neurotoxicity[10]. Madecassoside can be used in endocrine diseases, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases and other diseases.
    Madecassoside (Standard)
  • HY-N1956
    Rubiadin-1-methyl ether
    		Inhibitor 98.57%
    Rubiadin-1-methyl ether is an orally potent NF-κB p65 inhibitor and autophagy inhibitor. Rubiadin-1-methyl ether inhibits RANKL-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65, suppresses BECN1 transcription, blocks LC3 conversion and autophagosome formation, thereby reducing the levels of BECN1 mRNA and Beclin1 protein. Rubiadin-1-methyl ether inhibits osteoclastogenesis, cell proliferation, macrophage M2 polarization and the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, and effectively alleviates pulmonary inflammation. Rubiadin-1-methyl ether is widely used in research on osteoporosis, pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury and other related diseases.
    Rubiadin-1-methyl ether
  • HY-177120
    DMBP
    		Inhibitor 99.78%
    DMBP is a VPS41 inhibitor. DMBP induces methuosis and inhibits autophagy in cancer cells. DMBP inhibits the fusion of late endosomes and autophagosomes with lysosomes. DMBP effectively inhibits metastasis in a mouse metastatic melanoma model. DMBP can be used for the study of melanoma.
    DMBP
  • HY-114293A
    Acetyl coenzyme A trilithium
    		Inhibitor
    Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) trilithium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A trilithium regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A trilithium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.
    Acetyl coenzyme A trilithium
  • HY-13417R
    AICAR (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    AICAR (Standard) is the analytical standard of AICAR. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor.
    AICAR (Standard)
  • HY-N10546A
    Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium is a type of glycosphingolipid, mainly found on the cell membranes of the central nervous system of vertebrates. Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing excessive activation of NMDAR, activating TrkA and ERK1/2, and inhibiting oxidative stress and cell apoptosis and autophagy. Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium can be used in the research of diseases such as traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.
    Ganglioside GM1 (bovine) ammonium
  • HY-N0014R
    Icariin (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Icariin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Icariin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Icariin is a flavonol glycoside. Icariin inhibits PDE5 and PDE4 activities with IC50s of 432 nM and 73.50 μM, respectively. Icariin also is a PPARα activator.
    Icariin (Standard)
  • HY-17355B
    Dexpramipexole
    		Inhibitor 99.56%
    Dexpramipexole ((R)-Pramipexole) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable mitochondrial protective agent. Dexpramipexole upregulates the expression of Parkin, PINK1, GPX4 and FSP1; binds to mitochondrial F1/Fo-ATP synthase; blocks the Nav1.8 sodium channel; and inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Dexpramipexole induces mitophagy, inhibits ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and eosinophilopoiesis; maintains mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis; reduces reactive oxygen species production; and decreases myocardial infarct size. Dexpramipexole is applicable to studies on eosinophilic asthma, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, analgesia, and more.
    Dexpramipexole
  • HY-Z3832
    N-Methylparoxetine
    		Inhibitor 99.97%
    N-Methylparoxetine is a derivative of Paroxetine that induces Apoptosis NSCLC cells by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK). N-Methylparoxetine has antitumor activity.
    N-Methylparoxetine
  • HY-17507B
    Pantoprazole sodium hydrate
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Pantoprazole sodium hydrate (BY10232 sodium hydrate) is an orally active and potent proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pantoprazole sodium hydrate, a substituted benzimidazole, is a potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate improves pH stability and has anti-secretory, anti-ulcer activities. Pantoprazole sodium hydrate significantly increased tumor growth delay combined with Doxorubicin (HY-15142).
    Pantoprazole sodium hydrate
  • HY-17508S1
    Clarithromycin-d3
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    Clarithromycin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Clarithromycin (HY-17508). Clarithromycin has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Clarithromycin inhibits the CYP3A4-catalyzed triazolam alpha-hydroxylation with the IC50 (Ki) value of 56 (43) μM. Clarithromycin significantly inhibits the HERG potassium current.Clarithromycin affects the autophagic flux by impairing the signaling pathway linking hERG1 and PI3K.
    Clarithromycin-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-156278
    FB49
    		Inhibitor 99.76%
    FB49 is a highly selective inhibitor of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), with the Ki of 45 μM. FB49 inhibits the cell growth in human tumoral cells, but has no toxicity in human peripheral mononuclear cells. FB49 block cell cycle in G1 phase and to induce apoptosis as well as autophagy in medulloblastoma HD-MB03 treated cells.
    FB49
  • HY-145748
    SYUIQ-5
    		Inhibitor 99.03%
    SYUIQ-5 is a G-quadruplex ligand. SYUIQ-5 stabilizes G-quadruplex and induce senescence. SYUIQ-5 inhibits c-myc gene promoter activity. SYUIQ-5 induces cancer cells autophagy by triggering telomere damage through TRF2 delocalization from telomeres.
    SYUIQ-5
Cat. No. 상품명 / Synonyms Application Reactivity
All Rights Reserved.
Download Autophagy Signaling Pathway Map.