2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B1071A
    Lasalocid sodium
    		Inducer 99.03%
    Lasalocid sodium (Lasalocid sodium-A) is an antibacterial and anticoccidial agent that can be used as feed additives. Lasalocid sodium exhibits antitumor activity. Lasalocid sodium is orally active.
    Lasalocid sodium
  • HY-175282
    ASX-173
    		Inducer 98.47%
    ASX-173 is an orally active inhibitor of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) (IC50 = 0.113 μM, Ki = 0.4 nM). ASX-173 enhances the anticancer activity of L-asparaginase (ASNase) (HY-P1923). ASX-173 disrupts nucleotide synthesis and induces leukemia cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy in leukemia cells in combination with ASNase. ASX-173 slows the growth of OCI-AML2 xenografts in combination with ASNase. ASX-173 is indicated for the study of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, colorectal cancer, and other cancers.
    ASX-173
  • HY-B0991
    Amoxapine
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Amoxapine (CL-67772) is a norepinephrine reuptake blocker and a 5-HT2/5-HT3 antagonist. Amoxapine can be used for the research of depression. Amoxapine has antibacterial activity. Amoxapine can enhance the killing effect of macrophages on mycobacterium by inducing autophagy, while protecting the cells from death.
    Amoxapine
  • HY-17026R
    Gemcitabine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Gemcitabine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Gemcitabine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Gemcitabine (LY 188011) is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog antimetabolite and an antineoplastic agent. Gemcitabine inhibits DNA synthesis and repair, resulting in autophagyand apoptosis.
    Gemcitabine (Standard)
  • HY-15465A
    KN-93 hydrochloride
    		99.64%
    KN-93 hydrochloride is a cell-permeable, reversible and competitive inhibitor calmodulin-dependent kinase type II (CaMKII) with a Ki of 370 nM.
    KN-93 hydrochloride
  • HY-17355A
    Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.94%
    Dexpramipexole ((R)-Pramipexole) dihydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable mitochondrial protective agent. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride upregulates the expression of Parkin, PINK1, GPX4 and FSP1; binds to mitochondrial F1/Fo-ATP synthase; blocks the Nav1.8 sodium channel; and inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride induces mitophagy, inhibits ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and eosinophilopoiesis; maintains mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis; reduces reactive oxygen species production; and decreases myocardial infarct size. Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride is applicable to studies on eosinophilic asthma, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, analgesia, and more.
    Dexpramipexole dihydrochloride
  • HY-134832
    Mito-LND
    		Inducer
    Mito-LND (Mito-Lonidamine) is an orally active and mitochondria-targeted inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mito-LND inhibits mitochondrial bioenergetics, stimulates the formation of reactive oxygen species, and induces autophagic cell death in lung cancer cells.
    Mito-LND
  • HY-N2389
    Formosanin C
    		Inducer 99.28%
    Formosanin C is a diosgenin saponin with multiple biological activities. Formosanin C possesses multiple anti-tumor mechanisms, including inducing apoptosis and autophagy, blocking the cell cycle, inhibiting metastasis and inducing ferroptosis. Formosanin C can inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway to exert anti-inflammatory effects, and enhance the activity of immune cells. Formosanin C exhibits the inhibiting effect against C. albicans. Formosanin C can be used for the study of anti-inflammation, antifungal anti and anti-cancer (including lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer, etc.).
    Formosanin C
  • HY-10344
    AZD 6482
    		Inducer 99.93%
    AZD 6482 (KIN-193) is a potent and selective p110β inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.69 nM.
    AZD 6482
  • HY-17589R
    Chloroquine phosphate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Chloroquine (phosphate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chloroquine (phosphate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC50=1.13 μM).
    Chloroquine phosphate (Standard)
  • HY-B0984
    Fendiline hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.78%
    Fendiline hydrochloride, a diphenylalkylamine type of antianginal agent, is an L-type calcium channel blocker (IC50 of 17 µM). Fendiline hydrochloride is also a selective K-Ras inhibitor, and has no effect on H-Ras and N-Ras. Fendiline hydrochloride inhibits K-Ras plasma membrane localization (IC50 of 9.64 μM), inhibits K-Ras signal output and blocks the proliferation of pancreatic, colon, lung, and endometrial cancer cell lines expressing oncogenic mutant K-Ras. Fendiline hydrochloride is a STING agonist and is able to inhibit the growth of multiple refractory cold tumors (MC38, CT26 and B16F10).
    Fendiline hydrochloride
  • HY-Y0152
    Cinchonine
    		Inhibitor 99.71%
    Cinchonine is a natural compound present in Cinchona bark with antimalarial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti platelet-aggregation and anti-obesity properties. Cinchonine inhibits cells proliferation and autophagy and induces apoptosis through activation of Caspase-3. Cinchonine activates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cells.
    Cinchonine
  • HY-B1756R
    Rotenone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Rotenone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rotenone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rotenone is a mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I inhibitor. Rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.
    Rotenone (Standard)
  • HY-19560
    SBI-0640756
    		99.75%
    SBI-0640756 (SBI-756) is an inhibitor of eIF4G1 and disrupts the eIF4F complex.
    SBI-0640756
  • HY-100669
    Mycro 3
    		98.11%
    Mycro 3 is an orally active, potent and selective inhibitor of Myc-associated factor X (MAX) dimerization. Mycro 3 also inhibit DNA binding of c-Myc. Mycro 3 could be used for the research of pancreatic cancer.
    Mycro 3
  • HY-13270
    ABT-751
    		Inducer 98.74%
    ABT-751 (E7010) is a novel, highly orally bioavailable sulfonamides antimitotic compound and tubulin binder. It prevents tubulin aggregation by binding to the colchicine site on β-tubulin, leading to cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and inducing apoptosis, thus effectively preventing cell division. ABT-751 induces autophagy by inhibiting the AKT/MTOR signaling pathway. ABT-751 showed significant inhibition against various types of cancer cells, including lung, gastric, colon, and breast cancer.
    ABT-751
  • HY-B0965A
    Thioridazine
    		Inducer 99.50%
    Thioridazine, an antagonist of the dopamine receptor D2 family proteins, exhibits potent anti-psychotic and anti-anxiety activities. Thioridazine is also a potent inhibitor of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathways with anti-angiogenic effect. Thioridazine shows antiproliferative and apoptosis induction effects in various types of cancer cells, with specificity on targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs).
    Thioridazine
  • HY-112808
    KAN0438757
    		Inhibitor 99.41%
    KAN0438757 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the metabolic kinase PFKFB3 with an IC50 of 0.19 μM.
    KAN0438757
  • HY-13265
    AR-42
    		Inducer 98.52%
    AR-42 (HDAC-42; OSU-HDAC42) is a potent, orally bioavailable pan-HDAC inhibitor (IC50=16 nM). AR-42 induces growth inhibition, cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and activation of caspases-3/7. AR-42 promotes hyperacetylation of H3, H4, and alpha-tubulin, and up-regulation of p21. AR-42 shows cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines.
    AR-42
  • HY-N0417
    Cucurbitacin E
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Cucurbitacin E is a CDK1 inhibitor that significantly inhibits the activity of the cyclin B1/CDC2 complex. Cucurbitacin E also induces PANoptosis in adrenocortical carcinoma cells in a ZBP1-dependent manner. Cucurbitacin E exhibits synergistic effects with Mitotane (HY-13690); when used in combination, they effectively eliminate tumors.
    Cucurbitacin E
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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