2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-18085G
    Quercetin (GMP)
    		Inducer
    Quercetin GMP is Quercetin (HY-18085) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. Quercetin is a flavonoid antioxidant, a PI3K inhibitor and a SIRT1 Activator.
    Quercetin (GMP)
  • HY-10585S1
    Valproic acid-d6
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Valproic acid-d6 is the deuterium labeled Valproic acid. Valproic acid (VPA; 2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium salt is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraine headaches.
    Valproic acid-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N0538S2
    Xylitol-5-13C
    		98.0%
    Xylitol-5-13C is the 13C labeled Xylit.
    Xylitol-5-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-N0262R
    Cordycepin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Cordycepin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cordycepin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cordycepin (3'-Deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside derivative and inhibits IL-1β-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) in a dose-dependent manner. Cordycepin kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis through hijacking the bacterial adenosine kinase.
    Cordycepin (Standard)
  • HY-137976
    Penehyclidine hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.2%
    Penehyclidine (Penequinine) hydrochloride, a anticholinergic agent, is a selective antagonist of M1 and M3 receptors. Penehyclidine hydrochloride activates NF-kβ in lung tissue and inhibits the release of inflammatory factors. Penehyclidine hydrochloride can alleviate the pulmonary inflammatory response in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) undergoing mechanical ventilation.
    Penehyclidine hydrochloride
  • HY-114383
    ST-539
    		Inducer 99.00%
    ST-539 is the inhibitor for deubiquitinase USP30 with IC50 of 0.37 μM. ST-539 promotes the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins, and induces mitochondrial autophagy, thereby regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. ST-539 can be used in research of neurodegenerative diseases.
    ST-539
  • HY-162866
    CXM102
    		Activator 99.36%
    CXM102 is an autophagy activator. CXM102 can induce autophagy in aged BMSCs, leading to the rejuvenation of BMSCs and preferential differentiation into osteoblasts. CXM102 promotes the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and the formation of osteoblasts. CXM102 can stimulate bone synthesis metabolism in middle-aged male mice, reduce bone marrow adipocytes, delay bone loss, lower serum inflammation levels, decrease organ fibrosis, and extend the lifespan of the mice.
    CXM102
  • HY-B0957
    Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate
    		Inhibitor
    Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin. Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate has antiviral activity against HIV-1.
    Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate
  • HY-141793
    ATRA-biotin
    		98.43%
    ATRA-biotin (Biotin-ATRA-conjugate) is a biotin-conjugated ATRA. ATRA-biotin can be used to track ATRA in cells or a given tissue.
    ATRA-biotin
  • HY-130353
    Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.0%
    Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride (N-desethylamiodarone hydrochloride) is a major active metabolite of Amiodarone. Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride is formed by CYP3A isoenzymes. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent for inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium channel with an IC50 of 19.1 μM.
    Desethylamiodarone hydrochloride
  • HY-N6932
    Voacamine
    		99.64%
    Voacamine is an indole alkaloid with cannabinoid 1 (CB1) antagonistic activity. Voacamine can inhibit nuclear translocation. Voacamine is effective in enhancing the effect of Doxorubicin (HY-15142A) as it interferes with the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function. Voacamine promotes apoptosis-independent autophagic cell death in human osteosarcoma cells. Voacamine activates mitochondrial-associated apoptosis signaling pathway and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to suppress breast cancer progression. Voacamine inhibits EGFR to exert oncogenic activity against colorectal cancer.
    Voacamine
  • HY-161742
    Fumagilin-105
    		Inducer
    Fumagilin-105 is an autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTOTAC) that degrades MetAP2 via p62-mediated macroautophagy in a ubiquitination-independent manner. Fumagilin-105 can inhibit the migration of tumor cells and induce programmed cell death. Fumagilin-105 has anti-tumor activity. (p62-ZZ ligand (HY-W489121); target-binding ligand (HY-B0751); linker (HY-W245803)).
    Fumagilin-105
  • HY-N9182
    Zeaxanthin dipalmitate
    		Inducer 99.9%
    Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (Physalien) is a wolfberry-derived carotenoid, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate directly interact with p2X7 receptor (Kd=81.2 nM) and adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1; Kd=533 nM) in a positive dose-dependent manner. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate restores mitochondrial autophagy functions suppressed by ethanol intoxication. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate can be used in the research of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
    Zeaxanthin dipalmitate
  • HY-N9349
    Malvidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride
    		Inducer
    Malvidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride ameliorates ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage by stimulating AMPK-mediated autophagy.
    Malvidin-3-O-arabinoside chloride
  • HY-15359
    Episilvestrol
    		99.86%
    Episilvestrol is a derivative of silvestrol, isolated from the fruits and twigs of Aglaia perviridis, and is a specific eIF4A-targeting translation inhibitor, with antitumor activity.
    Episilvestrol
  • HY-A0067S
    Oxybenzone-d5
    		99%
    Oxybenzone-d5 is the deuterium labeled Oxybenzone. Oxybenzone (Benzophenone 3) is a commonly used UV filter in sun tans and skin protectants. Oxybenzone act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and can pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers. Benzophenone-3 impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status, and disrupts retinoid X receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.
    Oxybenzone-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N0837R
    Veratramine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Veratramine (NSC17821; NSC23880) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Veratramine (HY-N0837). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Veratramine (NSC17821; NSC23880) is an orally active inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and a SIGMAR1 modulator. Veratramine induces autophagic apoptosis of tumor cells, arrests the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins to reduce tumor migration. Veratramine reduces spinal cord and sciatic nerve pathological damage in a neuropathy model by inhibiting SIGMAR1 binding to NMDAR and phosphorylation of NMDAR Ser896. Veratramine has anti-tumor proliferation, apoptosis induction, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities, and can be used in the study of cancers such as liver cancer and osteosarcoma, as well as diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
    Veratramine (Standard)
  • HY-169363
    PDL1 degrader-2
    		Activator 99.41%
    PD-L1 degrader-2 (Compound B3) is an orally active AUTAC degrader, that degrades PD-L1 through autophagy-lysosome pathway with a DC50 of 0.5 μM. PD-L1 degrader-2 exhibits inhibitory activity against PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with an IC50 of 22.8 nM. PD-L1 degrader-2 upregulates the expressions of Atg9b, Lamp1 and Mitf, and activates the autophagy lysosome system. PD-L1 degrader- exhibits antitumor efficacy in CT26 mouse model. (Pink: autophagy-lysosome activator (HY-159894); Black: linker (HY-W015088); Blue: PD-L1 ligand (HY-169365))
    PDL1 degrader-2
  • HY-B0642R
    Isosorbide mononitrate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Isosorbide mononitrate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isosorbide mononitrate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isosorbide mononitrate (Isosorbide-5-mononitrate) is a nitric acid compound used for angina pectoris by dilating blood vessels and lowering blood pressure.
    Isosorbide mononitrate (Standard)
  • HY-112402
    SP 600125, negative control
    		Control 98.05%
    SP 600125, negative control (SPM1) is an alkyl derivative of pyrazoloanthrone, which can be used as a negative control for SP600125 (HY-12041).
    SP 600125, negative control
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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