2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N9164
    Hecubine
    		Inhibitor
    Hecubine is a monoterpene indole alkaloid found in Ervatamia ocinalis. Hecubine activates TREM2 expression, reduces LPS (HY-D1056)-stimulated inammatory cytokines (TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β) overexpression, as well as suppresses the levels of TLR4-, MyD88-, MAPK/PI3K/AKT- and NF-κB-related proteins. Hecubin also exhibits antioxidative effect, reduces ROS production and activates of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Hecubine rescues LPS-induced behavioral deficits in zebrash larvae. Hecubine can be used for the research of neural inflammation-associated central nervous system diseases.
    Hecubine
  • HY-N0309R
    Soyasaponin Ba (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Soyasaponin Ba (Standard) is the analytical standard of Soyasaponin Ba (HY-N0309). Soyasaponin Ba is a soyasaponin that can be isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris, acts as an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI). Soyasaponin Ba activates Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, reduces lipid accumulation, lowers ROS generation, improves mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, and morphology, and inhibits apoptosis. Soyasaponin Ba can be used for the research of lipid accumulation and secondary diabetic complications.
    Soyasaponin Ba (Standard)
  • HY-136386R
    N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (Standard) is the analytical standard of N-Acetyl-D-cysteine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. N-Acetyl-D-cysteine has antioxidant activities and scavenges ROS through the reaction with its thiol group, but cannot enter the glutathione metabolic pathway.
    N-Acetyl-D-cysteine (Standard)
  • HY-173356
    Antiparasitic agent-26
    Antiparasitic agent-26 (Compound 8) is an antiparasitic compound that potently inhibits the growth of Naegleria fowleri, with IC50 values of 22.87 μM (trophozoite stage) and 25.16 μM (cyst stage). Antiparasitic agent-26 exerts its antiparasitic activity by inducing programmed cell death, including cytoplasmic calcium accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, ATP synthesis inhibition, ROS accumulation, and chromatin condensation. Antiparasitic agent-26 can be used in the research of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
    Antiparasitic agent-26
  • HY-113149
    Argininosuccinic acid
    		Inducer
    Argininosuccinic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the urea cycle, and its level is associated with argininosuccinic aciduria. Argininosuccinic acid can induce oxidative stress, leading to lipid and protein oxidation, reduction of glutathione, and decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity. Argininosuccinic acid can be converted into guanidinosuccinic acid, a nitric oxide mimic, under the action of nitric oxide-derived free radicals. Argininosuccinic acid can be used in the research of metabolic diseases, renal failure, nervous system diseases, etc.
    Argininosuccinic acid
  • HY-148965A
    PtdIns-(3)-P1 (1,2-dipalmitoyl) ammonium
    PtdIns-(3)-P1 (1,2-dipalmitoyl) (Compound 7) ammonium is a derivative of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P). phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate can bind to the FYVE domain of human EEA1 and act as a second messenger in cellular signaling and membrane trafficking. phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate can stimulate ROS formation by regulating the neutrophil oxidase complex.
    PtdIns-(3)-P1 (1,2-dipalmitoyl) ammonium
  • HY-170688
    Antibacterial agent 119
    		Activator
    Antibacterial agent 119 (Compound 21 g) is an antibacterial candidate against Methicillin (HY-121544)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MICs less than 1 μg/mL against tested strains). Antibacterial agent 119 induces ROS production. Antibacterial agent 119 also acts on the bacterial cell membrane to cause membrane breakage. Antibacterial agent 119 exhibits potent antibacterial activity with low cytotoxicity, rapid bactericidal ability, and good in vivo antibacterial activity.
    Antibacterial agent 119
  • HY-119695S
    Simvastatin acid-d6
    		Inhibitor
    Simvastatin acid-d6 (Tenivastatin-d6) is deuterium labeled Simvastatin acid. Simvastatin acid (Tenivastatin), a hydrolysate of Simvastatin (HY-17502), is a HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitor. Simvastatin acid reduces Indoxyl sulfate-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human cardiomyocytes. Simvastatin acid can also modulates OATP3A1 expression in cardiomyocytes and HEK293 cells transfected with the OATP3A1 gene.
    Simvastatin acid-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-A0148AR
    Halofantrine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Halofantrine hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Halofantrine hydrochloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Halofantrine hydrochloride (SKF-102886 hydrochloride; WR-171669 hydrochloride) is a blocker that delays the delayed rectifier potassium current by inhibiting human ERG channels, and it is a potent antimalarial agent. Halofantrine hydrochloride inhibits the Cap1-dependent oxidative stress response of Candida albicans, suppresses ROS responses, and enhances the antifungal (Fungal) activity of oxidative damage agents. Halofantrine hydrochloride exhibits antifungal activity in the Galleria mellonella model, and shows antimalarial activity against Plasmodium strains both in vitro and in animal models. Halofantrine hydrochloride can be used in studies related to invasive candidiasis, falciparum malaria, and vivax malaria.
    Halofantrine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-12538R
    Graveoline (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Graveoline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Graveoline (HY-12538). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Graveoline (Rutamine) is an orally active alkaloid with various activities such as antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. Graveoline can induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy through a reactive oxygen species-mediated pathway. Graveoline has an MIC of 500 μg/mL for Candida albicans. Graveoline can be used in the research of various diseases such as tumors and liver injury.
    Graveoline (Standard)
  • HY-124920
    Methiocarb
    		Inducer
    Methiocarb (Mercaptodimethur) is an orally active carbamate insecticide. Methiocarb exerts dose-dependent toxic effects on onions. In addition to inhibiting acetylcholinesterase to induce cholinergic excitation, Methiocarb can induce lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney, brain and testicular tissues and alter reduced glutathione levels by generating ROS. Methiocarb can be used for agricultural pest control and research on oxidative stress-related cellular damage in mammals.
    Methiocarb
  • HY-A0169AR
    Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Activator
    Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride is a sensitizer used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride penetrates the skin and induces the production of photoactive porphyrins including protoporphyrin IX in cells; upon exposure to appropriate light, it generates ROS, which triggers cellular oxidation and cell death. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride acts as a photo-damage reversing agent through epidermal reconstruction, cytokine-mediated activation of dermal fibroblasts, elastin breakdown, new collagen formation, and compression of dilated capillaries. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride reduces the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and the early skin carcinogenesis marker TP53. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride delays the onset of ultraviolet-induced skin tumors and reduces tumor burden in hairless mice. Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride is applicable to research related to actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma.
    Methyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-172602
    ROS inducer 9
    		Inducer
    ROS inducer 9 (compound 4e) is an antibacterial agent with a MIC value of 0.25 μg/mL against E. coli. ROS inducer 9 kills bacteria by inhibiting GSH activity and increasing ROS levels. ROS inducer 9 shows low toxicity to erythrocytes and RAW 264.7 cells.
    ROS inducer 9
  • HY-136355R
    Picoxystrobin (Standard)
    		Activator
    Picoxystrobin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Picoxystrobin (HY-136355). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Picoxystrobin is a strobilurin fungicide. Picoxystrobin controls plant diseases by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. Picoxystrobin is highly toxic to zebrafish embryos, causing developmental abnormalities, oxidative stress, and immunotoxicity.
    Picoxystrobin (Standard)
  • HY-N15622
    Neouralenol
    		Inhibitor
    Neouralenol is a free radical scavenger. Neouralenol can be isolated from licorice roots. Neouralenol scavenges hydroxyl radicals and hydroperoxyl radicals.
    Neouralenol
  • HY-181079
    RANKL-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    RANKL-IN-2 is an orally active RANKL inhibitor with Kd values of 3.21 μM and 4.625 μM in the SPR and MST assays, respectively. RANKL-IN-2 binds to RANKL to interfere with RANKL-RANK interaction. RANKL-IN-2 suppresses osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting ROS, MAPK and NF-κB pathways. RANKL-IN-2 inhibits osteoclastogenesis via inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and osteoclast-specific gene and protein expressions in vitro.RANKL-IN-2 prevents bone loss in ovariectomized osteoporosis mice.RANKL-IN-2 can be used for the research of osteoporosis.
    RANKL-IN-2
  • HY-178212
    Antibacterial agent 292
    		Inducer
    Antibacterial agent 292 is a 3-pyrazolylindole derivative. Antibacterial agent 292 is an anti-bacterial agent. Antibacterial agent 292 shows potent inhibitory activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri (Xac), with EC50 values of 2.54 and 3.49 μg/mL. Antibacterial agent 292 can suppress biofilm formation, bacterial motility, and extracellular polysaccharide production, induce morphological alterations and promote ROS accumulation, ultimately triggers bacterial apoptosis. Antibacterial agent 292 down-regulates the expression of genes associated with the type VI secretion system (T6SS). Antibacterial agent 292 can be used in rice bacterial blight and citrus canker.
    Antibacterial agent 292
  • HY-178476
    Anti-MRSA agent 36
    		Activator
    Anti-MRSA agent 36 (Compound III13) is an antibacterial agent with strong anti MRSA activity (MIC = 1 μg/mL). Anti-MRSA agent 36 targets phosphatidylglycerol (PG) on bacterial membranes, disrupting membrane integrity, leading to DNA leakage and increased ROS. Anti-MRSA agent 36 has advantages such as low cytotoxicity, low hemolysis, difficulty in inducing drug resistance, and good plasma stability. Anti-MRSA agent 36 can be used for the study of skin abscess and systemic infection models.
    Anti-MRSA agent 36
  • HY-N0442R
    5-O-Methylvisammioside (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    5-O-Methylvisammioside (4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol) (Standard) is the analytical standard of 5-O-Methylvisammioside. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 5-O-Methylvisammioside is an orally active natural chromone glycoside and multiple biological activities. 5-O-Methylvisammioside inhibits ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis. 5-O-Methylvisammioside alleviates intestinal barrier damage by inhibiting the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. 5-O-Methylvisammioside exerts a protective effect against acute liver injury by reducing ALT/AST, decreasing inflammatory infiltration, and inhibiting IκB-α phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. 5-O-Methylvisammioside blocks the HMGB1/RAGE/MEK/ERK signaling axis to exert anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects. 5-O-Methylvisammioside improves depression-like behaviors by inhibiting Src kinase and the NF-κB pathway.
    5-O-Methylvisammioside (Standard)
  • HY-N4118R
    Cephaeline (Standard)
    Cephaeline ((-)-Cephaeline), a desmethyl analog of Emetine, is a phenolic alkaloid in Indian Ipecac roots isolated from the Cephaelis ipecacuanha. Cephaeline exhibits potent inhibition of both Zika virus (ZIKV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) infections. Cephaeline is an inductor of histone H3 acetylation and an inhibitor of mucoepidermoid carcinoma cancer stem cells (MEC), which promotes ferroptosis by inhibiting NRF2 to exert anti-lung cancer efficacy.
    Cephaeline (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity